液体粘滞系数计时位移起点和温度关系研究

讨论了液体粘滞系数计时起点的确定依据,通过人眼分辨本领的研究确定了钢球下落计时的最佳观测起点,对钢球下落的计时位移起点和温度的关系展开讨论,给出了目前大学物理粘滞系数实验的速度和时间精度要求的理论依据。     

A method to quantitatively estimate rainfall rate above water surface based on different spectra shapes generated by rainfall

A method combined with the nonlinear least-square regression to quantitatively estimate rainfall rate over water surface from the different spectrum shapes generated by rainfall in some frequency bands was presented.About 2000 min spectrum data generated by rainfall have been collected in an open-lake in Xiamen city.As a result,the spectrum shape in 15-30 kHz is fitted to log-linear law which allows classification of rain into three categories from the spectrum slope:no rain,drizzle(rainfall rate>10 mm/h)and heavy rain(rainfall rate>10 mm/h).Then,rainfall detection is made and rainfall rate is quantified in drizzle time with Logistic model in the frequency bands of 2-15 kHz,and the rainfall rate in heavy rainfall also quantified with log-linear regression.Finally,all measured spectrum data are used to calculate rainfall rate with the algorithm.The results show that the estimated rainfall rates are comparably coincident with the synchronously measured ones.The average error of accumulative rainfall per min is only l%-4%.     

系统级定标方法实现基于低温辐射计的标准灯400～900 nm波段光谱辐照度

为提高光辐射工作标准精度和满足遥感器高精度辐射定标需要,开展了以低温辐射计为初级标准,滤光片辐射计为传递标准的标准灯光谱辐照度实现研究。通过滤光片辐射计响应的系统级定标、辐照度标准灯物理模型和递归迭代优化算法,由滤光片带宽下的积分响应得到辐照度标准灯的连续光谱分布。系统级的定标方法避免了滤光片透射率、几何因子测量和使用与标定状态不一致引入的不确定度。初步结果表明,该方法实现的400～900 nm波段标准灯光谱辐照度与基于国际温标(ITS-90)高温黑体标定的结果相对差别在后者的不确定度范围之内。在国内尝试实现了基于低温辐射计的标准灯光谱辐照度标准传递,对提高光辐射计量、辐射测温以及遥感器特别是高光谱遥感器辐射定标精度有重要意义。     

一种新的光电成像末制导景象匹配方法

针对光电成像末制导景象匹配中图像存在尺度、旋转、灰度和3D视角差异的问题,构造了一种基于均匀模式的特征描述符,并基于该特征描述符和最稳定极值区域(MSER)提出了一种新的景象匹配算法。算法首先提取基准图像和实时图像的MSER特征,MSER特征具有尺度和仿射不变性,基于新的特征描述符分别对该特征进行旋转和灰度不变性特征描述,然后根据欧氏距离比值准则提取两图像间匹配的MSER特征对,根据随机抽样一致性(RANSAC)算法估计两图像的外极几何关系,实现末制导景象匹配。仿真结果表明,该算法能够在光电成像末制导过程中实现稳定的景象匹配,其稳健性优于传统方法。     

金属和Kerr非线性介质界面上表面等离子体激元的色散关系

从麦克斯韦方程组出发,结合边界条件,分别得到TM波和TE波在金属和Kerr非线性介质界面上表面等离子体激元的色散关系.由于非线性的存在,TM波的色散关系变得复杂,与光强、非线性系数有关.和线性情况一样,此界面不存在TE波.     

城市河湖水质参数关系及营养状态的评价方法

大部分城市河湖属于藻型河湖,初级生产力主要决定于浮游植物的群落结构和细胞密度．浮游植物群落能够真实反映水体的生态条件和营养状态,水体的丰富营养化与其密切相关,是整个生态系统中物质循环和能量流动的基础．由于人类活动使大量污染物排入水体,造成水体污染,水质下降．     

Spontaneous Emission of an Atom in a Spacetime with Two Parallel Reflecting Boundaries

We consider an inertial two-level atom in interaction with a real massless scalar quantum field in a spacetime between two parallel reflecting plane boundaries, and calculate the contributions of vacuum fluctuations and radiation reaction to the rate of change of the atomic energy. Our results show that there exists a regime of the separation L between the two boundaries such that the excited atom＇s spontaneous emission is impossible. There also exist certain values of the atom＇s position such that the corrections due to the presence of boundaries balance each other, so that the atom＇s spontaneous emission rate is the same as if there were no boundaries at all.     

X-ray beam hardening correction for measuring density in linear accelerator industrial computed tomography

Due to X-ray attenuation being approximately proportional to material density,it is possible to measure the inner density through Industrial Computed Tomography（ICT） images accurately. In practice,however,a number of factors including the non-linear effects of beam hardening and diffuse scattered radiation complicate the quantitative measurement of density variations in materials. This paper is based on the linearization method of beam hardening correction,and uses polynomial fitting coecient which is obtained by the curvature of iron polychromatic beam data to fit other materials. Through theoretical deduction,the paper proves that the density measure error is less than 2% if using pre-filters to make the spectrum of linear accelerator range mainly 0.3 MeV to 3 MeV. Experiment had been set up at an ICT system with a 9 MeV electron linear accelerator. The result is satisfactory. This technique makes the beam hardening correction easy and simple,and it is valuable for measuring the ICT density and making use of the CT images to recognize materials.     

用现代科学哲学指导经典物理学教学

 物理学曾经是自然哲学的一个组成部分,直到15世纪下半叶才从哲学中分离出来,然而它们作为互相补充的思维方式的关系无时无刻不在强烈地表现着,因此,了解一些物理学的哲学渊源对启发物理学的思维是大有裨益的。经典物理学的大厦主要由伽利略、笛卡尔、牛顿所构建,在此过程中,机械论哲学应运而生,并成为那个时代的精神。它主要有以下表现:重视观察和实验,通过精确的量化达到确定性,理解世界的机械论图式。稍后的德国哲学家康德(1724～1804)也认为,给经典物理学提供哲学基础,同时把哲学放在经典物理学成果的背景上,是他最有意义的任务。     

复杂性科学的几大学派及其研究特点

 近几十年来,国际学术界出现了一门新学科---复杂性科学,它致力于复杂系统理论与现有传统学科交叉的研究,目前已掀起了一股研究复杂性和非线性问题的热潮,数学家、物理学家、经济学家、生物学家和计算学家等都在共同开展这一问题的研究,复杂性科学将成为一个驾驭在21世纪生命科学、信息科学、材料科学等高新领域之间的一个横断学科,被誉于“21世纪的科学”。本文从哲学角度分析了现代科学中还原论和简单性思维方式的起源以及复杂性科学诞生的背景,研究了目前复杂性科学研究的几大学派的基本特征,指出应汲取各大学派的优点,结合我国的实际情况,全面推进我国的复杂性科学研究。