Studies on crystal transition of polyamide 11 nanocomposites by variable-temperature X-ray diffraction

Polyamide I1 （PAll） and its nanocomposites with different organoclay loadings were prepared by melt-compounding and subsequent pelletizing. The crystal phase transitions of PAl 1 and its clay nanocomposites were investigated by variable-temperature X-ray diffraction. It was found that the Brill transition of the nanocomposite was 20 K higher than that of the neat PAl 1 for both heating and cooling processes. The PAl 1 d-spacings of the nanocomposites were observed to be smaller than those of the neat PAl 1 for melt crystallization. The constraints imposed by the addition of layered clay, restricting the thermal expansion of the polymer chains, are probably responsible for such a reduction of the d-spacing.     

Electrospinning of nylon-6,6 solutions into nanofibers: Rheology and morphology relationships

The relationship between the rheological properties of nylon-6,6 solutions and the morphology of their electrospun nanofibers was established. The viscosity of nylon-6,6 in formic acid(90%) was measured in the concentration range of 5 wt%-25 wt% using a programmable viscometer. Electrospinning of nylon-6,6 solutions was carried out under controlled parameters. The chemical structure, morphology and thermal properties of the obtained nanofibers were investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR), scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC), respectively. Entanglement concentration(ce) was found to be 15 wt% and a power law relationship between specific viscosity and solution concentration was observed with exponents of 2.0 and 3.3 for semi-dilute unentangled(c ce) and semi-dilute entangled(c ce) regimes, respectively. The diameter and uniformity of the nanofibers were found to be dependent on the viscosity. Moreover, the average diameter of electrospun nanofibers was found to be dependent on zero shear rate viscosity and normalized concentration(c/ce) in a power law relationship with exponents of 0.298 and 0.816, respectively. For nylon-6,6 solutions, the entanglement concentration(ce = 15 wt%) provides the threshold viscosity required for the formation of a stable polymeric jet during electrospinning and producing uniform beadless fibers. For concentrations less than ce, beaded fibers with some irregularities are formed. DSC analysis showed an increase in crystallinity of all electrospun samples compared to original polymer. Furthermore, Based on FTIR spectroscopy, α phase is dominant in electrospun nanofibers and minor amount of β and γ phases is also available.     

Solution Blowing of Poly（dimethylsiloxane）/Nylon 6 Nanofiber Mats for Protective Applications

A new strategy was developed to fabricate superhydrophobic nylon 6 nanofibers, in which the blend solutions of poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS) prepolymer and nylon 6 was spun using an innovative solution blowing process, and then the PDMS prepolymer contianning nanofibers were cured to obtain PDMS/nylon 6 nanofiber mats. Morphology, surface composition, non-wetting property and protective performance were investigated. The results showed that the addition of PDMS prepolymer improved the spinnability of the spinning solutions, and the PDMS/nylon 6 nanofibers had smooth surfaces and diameters from 100 nm to 350 nm. The presence of PDMS effectively enhanced the hydrophobicity of the nanofiber mats, showing water contact angles of 132° to 161° for PDMS contents of 1 wt% to 3 wt%. The PDMS/nylon 6 mats also possessed excellent protective and transport properties. The results indicated the potential application of the novel nanofiber mats in protective clothing.     

Fabrication and Performance of a Low Operating Pressure Nanofiltration Poly（vinyl chloride） Hollow Fiber Membrane

A low operating pressure nanofiltration membrane is prepared by interfacial polymerization between m-phenylenediamine(MPDA) and trimesoyl chloride(TMC) using PVC hollow fiber membrane as supporting.A series of PVC nanofiltration membranes with different molecular weight cutoff(MWCO) can be obtained by controlling preparation conditions.Chemical and morphological characterization of the membrane surface was carried out by FTIR-ATR and SEM.MWCO was characterized by filtration experiments.The preparation conditions were investigated in detail.At the optimized conditions(40 min air-dried time,aqueous phase containing 0.5% MPDA,0.05% SDS and 0.6% acid absorbent,oil phase containing 0.3% TMC,and 1 min reaction time),under 0.3 MPa,water flux of the gained nanofiltration membrane reaches 17.8 L/m2·h,and the rejection rates of methyl orange and MgSO4 are more than 90% and 60%,respectively.     

静电纺丝技术在燃料电池中的应用

静电纺丝是一种简单、实用的制造纳米纤维的技术,所需设备少,易于大规模生产。本文主要从催化剂、固体聚电解质膜及膜电极三方面阐述了静电纺丝技术在低温燃料电池中的应用。静电纺丝制得的一维纳米线电催化剂具有稳定的循环性能、优异的传质能力及较低的成本;制备的固体聚电解质膜主要包括Nafion复合膜、阻醇膜及耐温膜,其性能相对于传统的Nafion膜得到了进一步提升,而且,通过采用静电纺丝技术,使膜电极结构得到了优化。最后,对静电纺丝技术在低温燃料电池应用过程中可能存在的问题及其未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

质子交换膜燃料电池用碳纤维在浆液中分散机理研究

本文对市售典型碳纤维进行表面处理,根据毛细管渗透原理,测试碳纤维的润湿性能。对处理前后的碳纤维表面进行红外光谱、SEM、Zeta电位分析,结果发现,碳纤维的表面状况、分散剂粘度和Zeta电位是影响其在浆液中分散的主要因素。初步探讨了碳纤维在浆液中分散的机理,为合成燃料电池电极扩散层碳纸的功能性添加剂提供了理论指导,同时也为制备性能良好的质子交换膜燃料电池电极扩散层基底材料奠定了基础。     

聚己内酯接枝淀粉纳米晶的制备

通过异氰酸酯与端羟基聚己内酯反应制备端异氰酸酯基预聚体,再接枝到淀粉纳米晶表面,制备了端基分子量可控的聚己内酯接枝淀粉纳米晶。分别用FTIR和1H NMR对所制备的聚己内酯接枝淀粉纳米晶进行表征,结果表明,有少量聚己内酯接枝到淀粉纳米晶表面。XRD结果表明,接枝了少量聚己内酯后的淀粉纳米晶的晶型和结晶度与未接枝的淀粉纳米晶基本一致。聚己内酯接枝淀粉纳米晶的熔融温度由115℃左右提高到122℃左右,并且温度范围变宽。浸润性实验表明,聚己内酯接枝淀粉纳米晶与水不浸润,其表面已具有疏水性。聚己内酯仅接枝在淀粉纳米晶的表面,改善了淀粉纳米晶表面的疏水性能和与聚酯类聚合物的界面相容性。聚己内酯接枝淀粉纳米晶有望用于可降解聚酯类高分子材料,如聚乳酸(PLA)、聚己内酯(PCL)、聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)等,改善其力学性能和生物降解性能等。     

《化学通报》2014年总目次

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石墨烯表界面化学修饰及其功能调控

石墨烯属于碳纳米材料家族中的一员,是一种单层的二维原子晶体,具有高硬度、高导热性、高载流子迁移率等诸多优良特性,被认为是新一代电子学器件的重要基础材料.近年来我们课题组利用石墨烯的这些优良特性在其表界面化学修饰及其功能调控方面开展了一系列研究工作.我们对石墨烯表界面进行了共价或非共价化学修饰,在一定程度上打开了石墨烯的带隙,并发展了具有传感功能的石墨烯器件.我们还制备了基于石墨烯的纳米电极,发展了新一代分子电子器件的普适性制备方法,实现了单分子器件的功能化.展望未来,以石墨烯为代表的碳基纳米材料将继续在纳电子器件研究领域发挥重要作用.     

石墨烯纳米孔的制备及λ-DNA穿孔初步研究

纳米孔测序是有可能实现"$1,000 Genome"目标的技术之一.近年来,研究较多的纳米孔有蛋白质纳米孔和硅基材料的固态纳米孔.蛋白孔寿命比较短,而基于硅基底的固态纳米孔深度显著超过单链DNA相邻碱基的间距,所以,无法实现DNA的单个碱基的分辨.作者用聚焦离子束先制造氮化硅基底,并在该基底上铺设石墨烯,再用聚焦电子束刻蚀石墨烯,获得直径10 nm以下的纳米孔,初步分析了DNA穿越纳米孔时产生的电信号及穿孔噪音,向单层石墨烯纳米孔测序DNA迈出了一步.