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941.
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推导了两能级原子在稳态和小速度一阶微扰近似下的受力矢量方程,并分析表明TEM01模光场以原子的作用力中存在旋涡力,对在大正失谐δ〉〉Ω0〉〉Г和z〈〈z0=kw^2/λ条件下的TEM01模行波和驻波场中原子的受力进行了分析,对行波场,自发辐射对原子运动的影响很大,但在r〈〈λ区域内原子受到横向囚禁力;对驻波场,自发辐射的影响可以忽略,考虑在z方向波长范围内原子的平均受力得到的结论为:在横向,除了有 相似文献
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947.
The implementation of clean energy techniques, including clean hydrogen generation, use of solar-driven photovoltaic hybrid systems, photochemical heat generation as well as thermoelectric conversion, is crucial for the sustainable development of our society. Among these promising techniques, electrocatalysis has received significant attention for its ability to facilitate clean energy conversion because it promotes a higher rate of reaction and efficiency for the associated chemical transformations. Noble-metal-based electrocatalysts typically show high activity for electrochemical conversion processes. However, their scarcity and high cost limit their applications in electrocatalytic devices. To overcome this limitation, binary catalysts prepared by alloying with transition metals can be used. However, optimization of the activity of the binary catalysts is considerably limited because of the presence of the miscibility gap in the phase diagram of binary alloys. The activity of binary electrocatalysts can be attributed to the adsorption energy of molecules and intermediates on the surface. High-entropy alloys (HEAs), which consist of diverse elements in a single NP, typically exhibit better physical and/or chemical properties than their single-element counterparts, because of their tunable composition and inherent surface complexity. Further, HEAs can improve the performance of binary electrocatalysts because they exhibit a near-continuous distribution of adsorption energy. Recently, HEAs have gained considerable attention for their application in electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes recent research advances in HEA nanostructures and their application in the field of electrocatalysis. First, we introduce the concept, structure, and four core effects of HEAs. We believe that this part will provide the basic information about HEAs. Next, we discuss the reported top-down and bottom-up synthesis strategies, emphasizing on the carbothermal shock method, nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition, fast moving bed pyrolysis, polyol process, and dealloying. Other methods such as combinatorial co-sputtering, ultrashort-pulsed laser ablation, ultrasonication-assisted wet chemistry, and scanning-probe block copolymer lithography are also highlighted. Among these methods, wet chemistry has been reported to be effective for the formation of nano-scale HEAs because it facilitates the concurrent reduction of all metal precursors to form solid-solution alloys. Next, we present the theoretical investigation of HEA nanocatalysts, including their thermodynamics, kinetic stability, and adsorption energy tuning for optimizing their catalytic activity and selectivity. To elucidate the structure–property relationship in HEAs, we summarize the research progress related to electrocatalytic reactions promoted by HEA nanocatalysts, including the oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, methanol oxidation reaction, and CO2 reduction reaction. Finally, we discuss the challenges and various strategies toward the development of HEAs. 相似文献
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949.
JieLU JinChengXIONG JianCHEN 《数学学报(英文版)》2004,20(3):415-422
Let G be a graph which contains exactly one simple closed curve. We prove that a continuous map f : G → G has zero topological entropy if and only if there exist at most k ≤ |(Edg(G) End(G) 3)/2] different odd numbers n1,...,nk such that Per(f) is contained in ∪i=1^k ∪j=0^∞ ni2^j, where Edg(G) is the number of edges of G and End(G) is the number of end points of G. 相似文献
950.
文章在紧束缚势模型基础上系统地研究了非手性单壁碳纳米管上单原子空位缺陷结构和电子结构性质.计算表明,单原子空位缺陷会自发地形成5-1DB型缺陷,且该缺陷的局域结构和形成能强烈地依赖于碳纳米管的尺寸、旋度和电学性质.同时作者发现这类缺陷在费米能级以上约0.2eV处产生局域的电子态. 相似文献