微波消解-AAS法测定果蔬罐头中镉铅铜锌

采用微波制样技术,用石墨炉和火焰原子吸收法测定果蔬罐头中的镉铅铜锌的四种微量元素.镉、铅、铜、锌的线性范围分别为0～8μg·L~(-1)、0～100μg·L~(-1)、0～4mg·L~(-1)、0～5mg·L~(-1),检出限分别为0.19μg·L~(-1)、2.80μg·L~(-1)、20μg·L~(-1)、60μg·L~(-1),相对标准偏差均小于5%,方法简便、快速,结果准确可靠.     

ZnO逆修饰小尺寸Cu/SiO2催化剂及其在CO2加氢制甲醇中的应用

Cu-ZnO is broadly used as a catalyst in CO₂ reduction to produce methanol, but fabricating small-sized Cu-ZnO catalysts with strong Cu-ZnO interactions remains a challenge. In this work, a simple, low-cost method is proposed to synthesize small-sized Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ with high activity and controllable Cu-ZnO interactions derived from copper silicate nanotubes. A series of Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ samples with different amounts of ZnO were prepared. The activities of the as-prepared catalysts for methanol synthesis were tested, and the results revealed a volcano relationship with the weight fraction of ZnO. At 523 K, the methanol selectivity increased from 20% to 67% when 14% ZnO was added to the Cu/SiO₂ catalyst, while the conversion of CO₂ increased first and then decreased with the addition of ZnO. The optimum space time yield (STY) of 244 g·kg^-1·h^-1 was obtained on C-SiO₂-7%ZnO at 543 K under 4.5 MPa H₂/CO₂. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of Cu and ZnO was studied by high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), in situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) analyses. The HRTEM images showed that the Cu particles come in contact with ZnO more frequently with increased addition of ZnO, indicating that the catalysts with higher ZnO contents have a greater probability of formation of the Cu-ZnO interface, which promotes the catalytical activity of Cu-ZnO/SiO₂. Meanwhile, the HRTEM images, XRD patterns, and TPR results showed that the addition of excess ZnO leads to an increase in the size of the Cu particles, which in turn decreases the total number of active sites and further degrades the activity of the catalysts. The activation energy (E_a) for methanol synthesis and reverse water gas shift (RWGS) was calculated based on the results of the catalytical test. With the addition of ZnO, E_a for methanol synthesis decreased from 72.5 to 34.8 kJ·mol^-1, while that for RWGS increased from 61.3 to 102.7 kJ·mol^-1, illustrating that ZnO promotes the synergistic effect of Cu-ZnO. The results of XPS and in situ DRIFTS showed that the amount of Cu⁺ species decreases with the addition of ZnO, indicating that the Cu-ZnO interface serves as the active site. The Cu surface area and the turnover frequency (TOF) of methanol were calculated based on the H₂-TPR curves. The TOF of methanol on the Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ catalysts at 543 K increased from 1.5 × 10^-3 to 3.9 × 10^-3 s^-1 with the addition of ZnO, which further confirmed the promotion effect of the Cu-ZnO interface on the methanol synthesis. This study provides a method to construct Cu-ZnO interfaces based on copper silicate and to investigate the influence of ZnO on Cu-ZnO/SiO₂ catalysts.     

高温下制焦温度对煤焦气化活性的影响

研究了高温下扎莱诺尔、后布连、东胜、西山和沈阳五种煤焦的碳转化率和气化速率与制焦温度的关系，并考察了气化温度对不同制焦温度下所制得扎莱诺尔煤焦气化活性的影响。实验表明：制焦温度对煤的气化活性的影响不尽相同，在较低的制焦温度1000℃下，五种煤焦表现出很大的气化速率和碳转化率的差距，但随制焦温度的提高煤焦的气化活性下降，制焦温度在1200℃时，四种煤焦的气化速率逐步接近，当制焦温度达到1400℃时，除沈阳煤外，四种煤焦的气化反应速率与碳转化率分别趋于相同。从五种煤以及不同制焦温度下所制得相应焦的SEM分析发现，当制焦温度超过相应煤灰分的软化温度时，制焦温度将直接影响焦中矿物质的分散程度及聚集状态。随着温度的提高，矿物质颗粒也开始从初始的随机分散分布发展到团聚，温度越高，聚集态的矿物质颗粒尺寸越大，其催化作用也越弱。在高温下灰份的熔融是制焦温度影响煤焦气化速率的最重要原因之一。     

多级SAPO-34的合成及其在甲醇制烯烃反应中的催化性能

针对SAPO-34在甲醇制烯烃（MTO）催化过程中易于失活的问题,采用水热法合成了具有不同粒径及多级孔SAPO-34。详细研究了铝源、硅源对SAPO-34分子筛晶粒尺度的调控性能及二次模板剂对多级孔SAPO-34合成的影响。采用X射线衍射（XRD）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、傅立叶变换红外（FT-IR）、N₂吸附-脱附,透射电子显微镜（TEM）以及NH₃-TPD等手段对合成的材料进行了表征。结果表明采用不同铝源可以实现对SAPO-34粒径的有效调控,二次模板剂的引入可以在纳米SAPO-34晶粒内部创造出孔壁晶化的晶内介孔结构。在甲醇制烯烃的催化反应过程中,大颗粒SAPO-34具有较高的低碳烯烃的选择性,多级SAPO-34因为纳米化或介孔的引入使得微孔孔道有效缩短,提高了其在MTO催化反应过程中的稳定性,但是对低碳烯烃的选择性受到抑制,而对油品的选择性则因为外表面积的增大而显著增加。     

SAPO-35分子筛的合成及其甲醇制烯烃反应性能

以六亚甲基亚胺为模板剂,采用水热法合成了不同硅含量的磷酸硅铝分子筛SAPO-35,并利用X射线衍射、X射线荧光光谱、扫描电镜、固体核磁、X射线光电子能谱和N₂吸附-脱附等方法对样品进行了表征.研究了不同硅含量的SAPO-35分子筛在甲醇转化制烯烃反应中的催化行为,同时对比分析了具有相近硅含量的SAPO-35和SAPO-34分子筛在甲醇转化反应过程中积炭物种随反应时间的演变特征,尝试将分子筛结构和其积炭失活行为进行了关联.     

SAPO-34分子筛的氮化及在甲醇制烯烃(MTO)中的应用

甲醇制烯烃(Methanol To Olefin,简称MTO)过程提供了一条不依赖石油的合成乙烯和丙烯的途径,这种合成方法可以在较大范围调节产品中乙烯和丙烯的比例,以满足市场的需求.而且甲醇可以由一些含碳的原料,如:煤、石油残渣、天然气等等这些不能直接转化为乙烯和丙烯的物质先制成合成     

高压覆膜制样X射线荧光光谱法测定土壤和水系沉积物中的氯研究

氯是化探样品分析中的重要元素,而X射线荧光光谱法是测定卤族元素的重要技术手段.已有研究表明,X射线荧光光谱法在测定氯时,同一样片中氯的测定值随重复测定次数的增加而逐渐增大或减小.采用高压覆膜制样技术制片,测定土壤和水系沉积物中的氯,氯(24～40000μg·g-1)校准曲线的相关系数明显改善,RM S(均方根)由未贴膜...     

平和朴实 寓含深意——赏析2013年两道高考好题

一个数学问题在考查学生重点知识与方法的同时注重考查学生多方面的数学能力,我们从多种角度去思考它,都能得到最终想要的结果,那么这个问题就是一个好问题．2013年高考降下帷幕,全国的命题专家又命制了很多精彩的好题,本文就大纲卷两道题目加以评析．     

波长渐变滤光片的镀制

采用常规的真空蒸发镀膜技术,利用自行设计制作的膜厚修正挡板机构,分别在1cm×3cm的条形K9玻璃基底和Si基底上镀制出了波长渐变滤光片。滤光片的波段范围从可见光区直至中红外区。阐述了波长渐变滤光片的镀制工艺及其结果,分析了在实际镀制中膜厚偏差产生的原因,提出了修正系统偏差的可行性方法。     

Generalization of α-Decay Cluster-Model to Nuclei Near Spherical and Deformed Shell Closures

The cluster model of a-decay is extended to the regions around doubly magic spherical nucleus ^208Pb and around deformed shell closure ^270Hs, respectively. The effects of spherical shell closures (N=126 and Z=82) on α-decay are investigated by introducing an N-dependent α-preformation factor and a Z-dependent one inspired by a microscopic model. Good agreement between the theoretical a-decay half-lives and the measured ones is obtained for the spherical nuclei near the doubly magic nucleus ^208Pb, where the nuclear shell effect is included in the expression of α-preformation factor. The cluster model is also generalized for the decay of deformed nuclei. The branching ratios of α-decays from the ground state of a parent nucleus to the ground state (0^ ) of its deformed daughter nucleus and to the first excited state (2^ ) are calculated in the framework of the cluster model. The results indicate that a measurement of α spectroscopy is a feasible method to extract the information of nuclear deformation of superheavy nuclei around the deformed nucleus ^270Hs.