Direct Asymmetric α-Selective Mannich Reaction of β,γ-Unsaturated Ketones with Cyclic α-Imino Ester: Divergent Synthesis of Cyclocanaline and Tetrahydro Pyridazinone Derivatives

The first regio-, diastereo-, and enantioselective direct Mannich reaction of β,γ,-unsaturated ketones with benzoxazinone cyclic imines was enabled by Lewis acid/Brønsted base cooperative catalysis. The dinuclear zinc complex catalyzed the reaction of a broad range of β,γ-unsaturated ketones to proceed at the α-site exclusively, leading to corresponding adducts with two consecutive tertiary carbon stereocenters in diastereomeric ratios of up to >20:1 and enantioselectivities generally in the 90–99 % ee range. These products were used as general intermediates in the synthesis of multisubstituted cyclocanalines, tetrahydro pyridazinones, and 4H-furo[2,3-b][1,4]benzoxazine derivatives.     

水滑石基磁性Co/Al2O3催化剂在乙酰丙酸加氢制备γ-戊内酯反应中的应用

γ-戊内酯广泛应用于食品添加剂、燃料添加剂、溶剂、汽油、柴油以及多种化工中间体的合成,由于其上游原料乙酰丙酸是重要的生物质基平台化合物已实现了工业化生产,因此发展其高效、可循环使用的催化合成新体系是近年来生物质催化转化的研究热点之一.目前使用的多相催化剂体系主要是浸渍法制备的负载型金属纳米颗粒催化剂,活性金属主要有Ru, Pd, Pt, Au, Cu, Ni等.由于乙酰丙酸制备γ-戊内酯反应是一个酸性的含水体系,在高温、高压条件下,使用浸渍法得到的催化剂特别是非贵金属催化剂容易发生活性金属的聚集、流失,从而使得催化剂重复使用的效果不佳.从非贵金属替代贵金属和提高催化剂稳定性这两点入手,本论文以水滑石为合成催化剂的单一前驱体,将非贵金属(Cu, Ni, Fe, Co)掺入到水滑石的结构骨架中,通过直接氢气焙烧还原制得了高负载量的负载型金属纳米颗粒多相催化剂.将制得的催化剂应用于乙酰丙酸加氢反应,其催化活性顺序为： Co>Ni>Cu>Fe.制备出了5种不同Co/Al比的Co基催化剂,其中4Co/Al2O3催化剂在H2(5 MPa)、180 oC条件下,显示出了类似贵金属钌催化剂的活性和选择性,乙酰丙酸在3 h内完全转化,γ-戊内酯的选择性高达99%.为了进一步了解催化剂的结构与其活性和稳定性之间的关系,我们采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD),氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR), X射线光电子能谱(XPS),透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征手段研究了催化剂的形貌和结构. TEM结果表明,以水滑石为前驱体制备的Co催化剂中负载的Co纳米颗粒的平均粒径在25–30 nm,而用浸渍法制备的相同负载量的Co催化剂的Co纳米颗粒粒径大于150 nm.相应的催化反应结果表明,前者的催化活性要远好于后者.水滑石前驱体的H2-TPR实验结果表明,随着Co/Al比增加,其还原峰向低温方向位移.这是由于Al含量的减少,导致金属Co离子周围键合的Al离子数量减少,从而使得Co与Al之间的作用力减弱, Co更加容易被还原.表现在还原温度上,即为还原温度降低,说明了Co纳米颗粒与载体之间具有一种强相互作用.结合TEM测试结果,正是这种强相互作用限制了Co纳米颗粒的长大,使其要远小于用浸渍法制得的Co纳米颗粒. HRTEM测试结果显示在4Co/Al2O3催化剂结构中, Co金属纳米颗粒与载体Al2O3之间存在一种核壳结构的关系, Co纳米颗粒被包埋于载体Al2O3中形成核壳结构.这种结构同样也保证了活性金属与载体之间较强的相互作用,有效地避免Co纳米颗粒在强水热、酸性条件下的聚集和流失,从而使该催化剂在循环使用四次时仍能保持优异的活性和选择性.我们进一步研究了该核壳结构形成的原因.发现催化剂在制备过程中如果先用空气高温焙烧,再用氢气还原,得到的催化剂中则没有明显的核壳结构,且Co纳米颗粒粒径在55 nm左右.相应的催化反应结果也要差于直接氢气焙烧还原得到的4Co/Al2O3催化剂.这也从侧面说明了以水滑石为前驱体制备负载型金属纳米颗粒催化剂时,其原位的限制效应在控制金属纳米颗粒的大小、稳定性方面的优越性.此外,由于该Co催化剂具有磁性特征,很容易通过磁性回收实现催化剂与反应液的分离,大大简化了催化剂的回收及产物分离过程.     

过渡金属表面γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷膜的研究

本文对在过渡金属铁、镍电极表面制备得到的γ-氨丙基三甲氧基硅烷(γ-APS)膜进行了研究。实验中对硅烷膜用X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)、现场表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS)和原子力显微镜(AFM)进行了表征。X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)的结果发现存在两个N1s峰,表明γ-APS膜中的氨基有两种存在方式:自由氨基和质子化氨基。实验中还发现现场表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS)是研究金属/γ-APS体系中界面层结构非常有效的手段,SERS结果表明硅醇羟基和氨基发生了竞争吸附,且γ-APS分子在外加电位等条件的影响下吸附状态会发生一定变化。原子力显微镜(AFM)的表征结果在微观上显示电极表面的γ-APS膜上形成了一种较规则的微孔结构,这种结构可能与基底的性质有关。     

光动力化合物5-氨基乙酰丙酸的简便全合成

从γ-丁内酯出发, 首先发生醇解、氧化反应, 继而采用无溶剂法与硝基甲烷在KF/Al₂O₃催化下发生Henry反应, 再经湿Al₂O₃负载的CrO₃氧化得到5-硝基-4-羰基戊酸乙酯, 最后在Pd/C催化下还原得到5-氨基乙酰丙酸. 各步所合成化合物的结构经¹H NMR, IR, MS分析确证.     

Thermally stimulated currents depolarization study of gamma ray irradiated PMMA

We will investigate the effect of γ-irradiation on the polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) properties. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy technique in attenuated total reflexion mode (FTIR-ATR) results allowed us to show that the irradiated PMMA undergoes a scission in its lateral chain combined to an oxidation phenomenon. In fact, a decrease in the carbonyl index, versus the radiation dose, is observed. The differential scanning calorimetry and the thermostimulated depolarization currents revealed that the scission in the lateral chain provides a better flexibility to the PMMA chain and an increase in the free volume of the material. The consequences of these phenomena appear in the decrease of the activation energy of PMMA and the appearance of a local order in the material at a temperature T_c which decreases versus the radiation dose.     

Three-component reactions involving zwitterionic intermediates for the construction of heterocyclic systems: one pot synthesis of highly functionalized γ-iminolactones

The highly reactive 1:1 intermediate generated in the reaction between an alkyl isocyanide and a dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylate is trapped by alkylphenylglyoxylate to yield γ-iminolactones in good yields.     

Determination of microquantities of Be in samples using α-sensitive track etch detectors

A new technique of determining Be content in samples using 4.66 MeV γ-rays is proposed. This energy range is sufficient to knock out the neutron from the ⁹Be nucleaus and to excite the first 2.9 MeV level of the ⁸Be nuclei. 1.5 MeV alpha particles are registered by means of CR-39 or cellulose nitrate detectors. Alpha particles produced in the reaction of γ-rays with Li nuclei which are contained in samples may cause the background. The latter is excluded by heating of samples before irradiation for Li molecules to be evaporated. ¹¹B nuclei do not produce alpha particles at the energy range of γ-rays presented above.The results obtained in the experiments of determining Be content in natural beryl crystal samples are in good agreement with their known chemical composition. Microparticles containing Beryllium were found in soil samples from the Ust-Kamenogorsk are deposit region, which contains 10⁻³ − 10⁻⁴ g/g of Be. The sensitivity of the method is 10⁻⁶ g/g of Be in solids.     

Conformation transitions of blood proteins under influence of physical factors on microwave dielectric method

In this article, the influence of γ-irradiation and temperature on albumin and fibrinogen conformation and dielectric properties of protein solutions have been studied by the microwave dielectric method. Both the values of the real part ε′ (dielectric permittivity) and the imaginary part ε″ (dielectric losses) of the complex dielectric permittivity of the aqueous solution of bovine serum albumin and human fibrinogen as functions of temperature and γ-irradiation dose have been obtained. The time of dielectric relaxation of water molecules in the protein solutions was calculated. The hydration of the albumin and fibrinogen molecules was determined. The temperature dependencies of hydration are non-monotonous and have a number of characteristic features at the temperatures 30-34 and 44-47 °C for serum albumin, and 24 and 32 °C for fibrinogen.     

Probing physics at extreme energies with cosmic ultra-high energy radiation

The highest energy cosmic rays observed possess macroscopic energies and their origin is likely to be associated with the most energetic processes in the universe. Their existence triggered a flurry of theoretical explanations ranging from conventional shock acceleration to particle physics beyond the standard model (SM) and processes taking place at the earliest moments of our universe. Furthermore, many new experimental activities promise a strong increase of statistics at the highest energies and a combination with γ-ray and neutrino astrophysics will put strong constraints on these theoretical models. We give an overview over this quickly evolving research field with focus on testing new particle physics.     

掺杂LiF的ESR谱和ENDOR谱研究

LiF:Mg,Cu热释光(TL)磷光体在γ辐照后产生F⁰顺磁中心,其g因子为g_xx=2.0030,g_yy=2.0450,g_zz=2.0251,裂分为A_xx=511.04G,A_yy=505.42G,A_zz=507.26G。F⁰中心的浓度随Mg⁺⁺浓度的增加而下降。磷光体的ENDOR谱显示F⁰中心附近有铜核存在。照射前和照射后24h测量均未发现Cu⁺⁺的ESR谱,表明铜是以Cu⁺形式掺入的,照射并未引起Cu⁺离子化合价的改变。LiF:Mg,Cu,P在γ辐照前具有轴对称的Cu⁺⁺离子的ESR谱,辐照后产生了O^-空穴中心和PO₃^2-自由基,改变了Cu⁺⁺的环境,使Cu⁺⁺的谱发