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There has been a considerable interest in recent years in developing polymer gel matrices for many important applications such as 2DE for quantization and separation of a variety of proteins and drug delivery system to control the release of active agents. However, a well‐defined knowledge of the ultrastructures of the gels has been elusive. In this study, we report the characterization of two different polymers used in 2DE: Gelatin, a naturally occurring polymer derived from collagen (protein) and agar, a polymer of polysaccharide (sugar) origin. Low‐temperature SEM is used to examine the internal structure of these gels in their frozen natural hydrated states. Results of this study show that both polymers have an array of hollow cells that resembles honeycomb structures. While agar pores are almost circular, the corresponding Gaussian curve is very broad exhibiting a range of radii from nearly 370 to 700 nm. Gelatin pores are smaller and more homogeneous reflecting a narrower distribution from nearly 320 to 650 nm. Overall, these ultrastructural findings could be used to correlate with functions of the polymers. 相似文献
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Here, agar hydrogel was selected as diffusion medium and template to control the biomimetic mineralization of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Due to three dimensional network structures and abundant functional groups (such as, hydroxyl groups), Ca2+ ions were uniformly distributed in the network and electrostatically attracted. The diffusion speed and range of CO32? ions were mediated by the concentration of hydrogel medium. Under the synergistic effect of Mg2+ ions, the crystal CaCO3 was induced by gas phase diffusion method in the hydrogel system. The results showed that the concentrations of Mg2+ ions and agar hydrogel had no obvious effect on the calcite phase of CaCO3, but the morphologies and sizes changed with concentrations of medium and Mg2+ ions. Attribute to template effect, the crystallization behavior and growth rate of CaCO3 crystals were regulated. Since Mg2+ ions were easily adsorbed on the surfaces of unit cell, the unique structure of CaCO3 was precisely controlled. This study provides a useful reference and inspiration for the understandings of the contributions of ion supply rate in bio-mineralization and hydrogel medium in biomimetic mineralization. 相似文献
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This study aims to use solid phase microextraction (SPME), a simple tool to investigate diffusion rate (time) constant of selected pharmaceuticals in gel and fish muscle by comparing desorption rate of diffusion of the drugs in both agarose gel prepared with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) and fish muscle. The gel concentration (agarose gel model) that could be used to simulate tissue matrix (fish muscle) for free diffusion of drugs under in vitro and in vivo conditions was determined to model mass transfer phenomena between fibre polymer coating and environmental matrix such that partition coefficients and desorption time constant (diffusion coefficient) can be determined. SPME procedure involves preloading the extraction phase (fibre) with the standards from spiked PBS for 1 h via direct extraction. Subsequently, the preloaded fibre is introduced to the sample such fish or agarose gel for specified time ranging from 0.5 to 60 h. Then, fibre is removed at specified time and desorbed in 100 μL of desorption solution (acetonitrile: water 1:1) for 90 min under agitation speed of 1000 rpm. The samples extract were immediately injected to the instrument and analysed using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). The limit of detection of the method in gel and fish muscle was 0.01–0.07 ng mL−1 and 0.07–0.34 ng g−1, respectively, while the limit quantification was 0.10–0.20 ng mL−1 in gel samples and 0.40–0.97 ng g−1 in fish sample. The reproducibility of the method was good (5–15% RSD). The results suggest that kinetics of desorption of the compounds in fish tissue and different viscosity of gel can be determined using desorption time constant. In this study, desorption time constant which is directly related to desorption rate (diffusion kinetics) of selected drugs from the fibre to the gel matrix is faster as the viscosity of the gel matrix reduces from 2% (w/v) to 0.8% (w/v). As the concentration of gel reduces, viscosity of the gel will be reduced therefore allowing faster diffusion which invariably affect desorption time constant. Also, desorption time constant of model drugs in the fish muscle and 0.8–0.9% (w/v) gel model are similar based on free diffusion of studied compounds. In addition, in vitro and in vivo desorption time constant comparison shows that desorption time constant in an in vivo system (live fish muscle) is generally higher than an in vitro system (dead fish muscle) except for sertraline and nordiazepam. This study demonstrates SPME as a simple investigative tool to understand kinetics of desorption in an in vivo system with a goal to measure desorption rate of pharmaceuticals in fish. 相似文献
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Tani Y Tanaka K Yabutani T Mishima Y Sakuraba H Ohshima T Motonaka J 《Analytica chimica acta》2008,619(2):215-220
A novel biosensor for determination of d-amino acids (DAAs) in biological samples by using an electrode based on immobilization of a thermostable d-Proline dehydrogenase (d-Pro DH) within an agar gel membrane was developed. The electrode was simply prepared by spin-coating the agar solution with the d-Pro DH on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode.An electrocatalytic oxidation current of 2,6-dichloroindophenol (DCIP) was observed at −100 mV vs. Ag/AgCl with the addition of 5 and 20 mmol L−1d-proline. The current response and its relative standard deviation were 0.15 μA and 7.6% (n = 3), respectively, when it was measured in a pH 8.0 phosphate buffer solution containing 10 mmol L−1d-proline and 0.5 mmol L−1 DCIP at 50 °C. The current response of d-proline increased with increase of the temperature of the sample solution up to 70 °C. The electrocatalytic response at the d-Pro DH/agar immobilized electrode subsequently maintained for 80 days. Finally, the d-Pro DH/agar immobilized electrode was applied to determination of DAAs in a human urine sample. The determined value of DAAs in the human urine and its R.S.D. were 1.39 ± 0.12 mmol L−1 and 8.9% (n = 3), respectively. 相似文献
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《Journal of Coordination Chemistry》2012,65(12):1963-1972
A new polymeric Schiff base containing formaldehyde and piperazine moieties has been synthesized by condensation of salicylaldimine, formaldehyde and piperazine in alkaline medium; its metal polychelates have also been synthesized with Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) acetate. The synthesized Schiff base and its metal polychelates were characterized by elemental, spectral (IR, 1H NMR, UV-visible) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Electronic spectra and magnetic moments indicate that Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) polychelates show octahedral geometry, while Cu(II) and Zn(II) polychelates show square planar and tetrahedral geometry, respectively. All compounds show excellent anti-bacterial as well as anti-fungal activity against three bacteria and two fungi. The anti-microbial activities were determined by using agar well diffusion method, with 50 µg mL?1 and 100 µg mL?1 concentration of each compound tested against the microbes. 相似文献
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Investigation of the effect of power ultrasound on the nucleation of water during freezing of agar gel samples in tubing vials 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Nucleation, as an important stage of freezing process, can be induced by the irradiation of power ultrasound. In this study, the effect of irradiation temperature (−2 °C, −3 °C, −4 °C and −5 °C), irradiation duration (0 s, 1 s, 3 s, 5 s, 10 s or 15 s) and ultrasound intensity (0.07 W cm−2, 0.14 W cm−2, 0.25 W cm−2, 0.35 W cm−2 and 0.42 W cm−2) on the dynamic nucleation of ice in agar gel samples was studied. The samples were frozen in an ethylene glycol-water mixture (−20 °C) in an ultrasonic bath system after putting them into tubing vials. Results indicated that ultrasound irradiation is able to initiate nucleation at different supercooled temperatures (from −5 °C to −2 °C) in agar gel if optimum intensity and duration of ultrasound were chosen. Evaluation of the effect of 0.25 W cm−2 ultrasound intensity and different durations of ultrasound application on agar gels showed that 1 s was not long enough to induce nucleation, 3 s induced the nucleation repeatedly but longer irradiation durations resulted in the generation of heat and therefore nucleation was postponed. Investigation of the effect of ultrasound intensity revealed that higher intensities of ultrasound were effective when a shorter period of irradiation was used, while lower intensities only resulted in nucleation when a longer irradiation time was applied. In addition to this, higher intensities were not effective at longer irradiation times due to the heat generated in the samples by the heating effect of ultrasound. In conclusion, the use of ultrasound as a means to control the crystallization process offers promising application in freezing of solid foods, however, optimum conditions should be selected. 相似文献
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The use of ultrasound-stimulated acoustic emission in the monitoring of modulus changes with temperature 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
It has been previously shown that the amplitude of the ultrasound-stimulated acoustic emission (USAE) signal is sensitive to tissue temperature and, therefore, can help detect it. Its amplitude, however, is sensitive to both acoustical and mechanical parameters, that at most frequencies have opposite effects due to temperature. In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using a frequency shift of the resonant peaks of the USAE signal for monitoring the tissue stiffness variation with temperature. In a numerical simulation, the variation of the frequency shift at different temperatures is shown. Then, in a series of experiments involving a gel phantom and porcine muscle tissue, the frequency shift variation is shown to follow the known stiffness changes due to temperature. It is also shown that this shift indicates reversible changes as well as the onset of thermal coagulative necrosis. The necrosis is marked by a monotonically increasing positive frequency shift. It was thus shown that the USAE spectrum peaks undergo a negative shift (or, downshift) when the stiffness decreases and a positive shift (or, upshift) when the stiffness increases. The experimental frequency shifted around a peak at 22.1-22.5 kHz within a range of -250 to 80 Hz and -200 to 250 Hz for the gel and muscle tissue for the temperatures of 25-70 and 30-70 degrees C, respectively. Simulation and ex vivo experimental results indicate that the USAE frequency shift method can help decouple the mechanical from the acoustical parameter dependence as well as detect the onset of thermal coagulative necrosis. 相似文献