石墨炔结构及性能的理论研究

石墨炔作为一种新的稳定的碳同素异形体, 由于其独特的结构和性能, 预计可广泛地应用于纳米材料及器件中.在本文中, 我们采用B3LYP/6-31+G*理论研究了其结构参数、Wiberg键级以及芳香性. 计算结果表明, 所有的碳原子的p-电子参与形成了非定域的π-键, 使得所有C—C键长平均化. 苯环的核独立化学位移比乙炔形成的不等边六边形的更负, 表明苯环的芳香性更强. 该化合物的拓扑性质与Wiberg键级的计算结果也一致. 另外, 该化合物的LUMO (0.27 eV)带宽大于其HOMO (0.24 eV)的带宽, 表明它应该是n-型材料. 当采用对称性破缺方法重新对该化合物优化后, 计算结果显示该化合物含有3.6个未成对电子, 并具有一定的化学反应活性.     

Evaluation of the degree of cross-linking of cellulose-based superabsorbent hydrogels: a comparison between different techniques

Three different techniques have been applied to the evaluation of the degree of cross-linking of superabsorbent cellulose-based hydrogels obtained from water solutions of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMCNa) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), chemically cross-linked with divinyl sulfone. These polyelectrolyte hydrogels are biodegradable and have the same sorption capacity as acrylate-based superabsorbents on the market. A ¹³C solid state NMR analysis was carried out on dry samples of hydrogel to obtain the degree of cross-linking, an important parameter that affects the swelling and mechanical properties of a hydrogel. Dynamic mechanical analysis was performed during the hydrogel cross-linking using a parallel plate rheometer under oscillatory deformations in order to monitor the evolution of the hydrogel viscoelastic properties during the synthesis. The value of |G*| and the slope of the stress-deformation ratio plots from uniaxial compression tests were used to evaluate the elastically effective degree of cross-linking according to classical rubber elasticity theory. Moreover, a dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out on cross-linked hydrogels at different degrees of swelling in order to investigate the influence of the swelling on the mechanical properties and the application of rubber elasticity theory to swollen hydrogels.     

Methylation of Chitosan with Iodomethane: Effect of Reaction Conditions on Chemoselectivity and Degree of Substitution

N,N,N‐trimethylchitosan (TMC) was prepared by reacting purified chitosan with iodomethane, in the presence of sodium hydroxide, water and sodium iodide, at room temperature. The reaction medium was N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. Different samples of TMC were obtained by adding to the reaction medium a fixed volume (5.5 mL) of aqueous NaOH solutions at different concentrations (15, 20, 30 and 40 wt.‐%) and carrying out the reactions for 9 or 24 h. The features observed in the ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectra of these chitosan derivatives, in respect of the chemical shift, number and relative intensity of the signals, depended strongly on the excess of NaOH and H₃CI added to the reaction medium, but when the lowest excess was employed, the characteristics of the derivative were not affected by the reaction time to the same extent. The average degree of quaternization of these N‐methylated derivatives of chitosan ranged from 10.5% to 44.8%, according to the reaction conditions. Increasing the excess of NaOH, in reactions carried out for 9 h, resulted in TMC samples with progressively higher content of trimethylated sites however, the reaction yields were correspondingly lower and O‐alkylation was favored in these cases.

¹H NMR spectrum of sample [A_X]^24h dissolved in D₂O (C_p = 10 g/L).     

Complete graph conjecture for inner-core electrons: homogeneous index case

The complete graph conjecture that encodes the inner-core electrons of atoms with principal quantum number n >or= 2 with complete graphs, and especially with odd complete graphs, is discussed. This conjecture is used to derive new values for the molecular connectivity and pseudoconnectivity basis indices of hydrogen-suppressed chemical pseudographs. For atoms with n = 2 the new values derived with this conjecture are coincident with the old ones. The modeling ability of the new homogeneous basis indices, and of the higher-order terms, is tested and compared with previous modeling studies, which are centered on basis indices that are either based on quantum concepts or partially based on this new conjecture for the inner-core electrons. Two similar algorithms have been proposed with this conjecture, and they parallel the two "quantum" algorithms put forward by molecular connectivity for atoms with n > 2. Nine properties of five classes of compounds have been tested: the molecular polarizabilities of a class of organic compounds, the dipole moment, molar refraction, boiling points, ionization energies, and parachor of a series of halomethanes, the lattice enthalpy of metal halides, the rates of hydrogen abstraction of chlorofluorocarbons, and the pED(50) of phenylalkylamines. The two tested algorithms based on the odd complete graph conjecture give rise to a highly interesting model of the nine properties, and three of them can even be modeled by the same set of basis indices. Interesting is the role of some basis indices all along the model.     

壳聚糖/聚乙烯醇/三聚磷酸钠三元复合微球的制备及表征

由壳聚糖（ＣＳ）、聚乙烯醇（ＰＶＡ）和三聚磷酸钠（ＴＰＰ）制备了壳聚糖／聚乙烯醇／三聚磷酸钠三元复 合微球,探讨了体系中壳聚糖含量对复合微球的影响,以及离子种类及浓度和ｐＨ值对复合微球溶胀度的影 响。采用ＸＲＤ、ＦＴＩＲ和ＳＥＭ等测试技术对微球的组分、结构和形貌进行了表征。结果表明,ＣＳ和ＰＶＡ具有良好的相容性,随着ＣＳ含量的增加,ＰＶＡ的结晶性逐渐降低,复合微球的粒径约为４００～９５０ μｍ,表面较为粗糙;随着ＣＳ添加量的增加,凝胶平衡溶胀度先增大再减小,ＣＳ／ＰＶＡ／ＴＰＰ复合微球在ｐＨ值为３～8的溶胀度最大,且在同一种溶液中,随着离子浓度的增加,其溶胀度明显降低;复合微球具有溶胀 收缩可逆性,显示ＣＳ／ＰＶＡ／ＴＰＰ复合微球是ｐＨ／离子敏感型凝胶,可为药物缓释系统提供实验和理论依据。     

水溶性β-环糊精聚合物的交联度对3-羟基-2-萘甲酸荧光性质及电流变性能的影响

用改进的Renard方法控制合成了6种不同交联度的水溶性β-环糊精聚合物.以3-羟基-2-萘甲酸为荧光探针,考察了聚合物交联度对形成超分子配合物的稳定性及荧光性质的影响,发现生成常数和相对荧光强度均随交联度的增长呈上升趋势,并发现其相对荧光强度的增量与对应的交联度存在线性关系.用β-环糊精聚合物及其与3-羟基-2-萘甲酸构筑的超分子配合物分别与二甲基硅油配制了电流变液,流变学性能测试发现这些聚合物电流变液均有很好的电流变活性,其中,单纯聚合物电流变液的屈服应力随交联度的增加呈上升趋势,而超分子配合物电流变液则表现出更高的电流变活性,但当交联度太大时,其屈服应力甚至低于对应的聚合物,并随交联度的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;介电性能测试发现,交联度对电流变液介电常数和体积电导率的影响均出现了与电流变液效应相类似的趋势.     

Spectrophotometric determination of deacetylation degree of chitinous materials dissolved in phosphoric acid

A simple spectrophotometric method is proposed for determining deacetylation degrees (DD) of chitinous materials using phosphoric acid as the UV-transparent solvent system. Calibrating by the extinction coefficients (A(210)) of D-glucosamine and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, DD values (24-88%) were computed numerically. The results correlated well (R(2) = 0.9805, n = 50) with those obtained by solid-state (13)C NMR. Comparison of the results obtained by the proposed UV method and solid-state (13)C NMR.     

Finding optimal finite field strengths allowing for a maximum of precision in the calculation of polarizabilities and hyperpolarizabilities

The finite field method, widely used for the calculation of static dipole polarizabilities or the first and second hyperpolarizabilities of molecules and polymers, is thoroughly explored. The application of different field strengths and the impact on the precision of the calculations were investigated. Borders could be defined and characterized, establishing a range of feasible field strengths that guarantee reliable numerical results. The quality of different types of meshes to screen the feasible region is assessed. Extrapolation schemes are presented that reduce the truncation error and allow to increase the precision of finite field calculations by one to three orders of magnitude. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Conventional radical polymerization and iodine‐transfer polymerization of 4′‐nonafluorobutyl styrene: Surface and thermal characterizations of the resulting poly(fluorostyrene)s

4′‐Nonafluorobutylstyrene (3) was synthesized and polymerized by conventional and controlled radical polymerization (iodine transfer polymerization (ITP)). Such an aromatic fluoromonomer was prepared from Ullmann coupling between 1‐iodoperfluorobutane and 4‐bromoacetophenone followed by a reduction and a dehydration in 50% overall yield. Two radical polymerizations of (3) were initiated by AIBN either under conventional or controlled conditions, with 1‐iodoperfluorohexane in 84% monomer conversion and in 50% yield. ITP of (3) featured a fast monomer conversion and a linear evolution of the ln([M]₀/[M]) versus time. The kinetics of radical homopolymerization of (3) enabled one to assess its square of the propagation rate to the termination rate (k_p²/k_t) in ITP conditions (36.2·10^?2 l·mol^?2·sec^?2 at 80 °C) from the Tobolsky's kinetic law. Polydispersity index (?) of the fluoropolymer achieved by conventional polymerization was 1.30 while it worthed 1.15 when synthesized by ITP. Thermal stabilities of these oligomers were satisfactory (10% weight loss under air occurred from 305 °C) whereas the melting point was 47 °C. Contact angles and surface energies assessed from spin‐coated poly(3) films obtained by conventional (hysteresis = 18°, surface energy 18 mN.m^?1) and ITP (hysteresis = 47°, surface energy 15 mN.m^?1) evidenced ? values' influence onto surface properties of the synthesized polymers. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2013, 51, 3202–3212     

Nonstationarity and related measures for time‐dependent hartree–fock and multiconfigurational models

Based on an earlier article (Eberly and Singh, Phys. Rev. D 1973 , 7, 359) and related works on short‐time evolution, this article proposes a many‐electron formulation for the nonstationarity degree which can be assigned to quantum system at each time point. The key measure introduced, , is a nonstationarity index that can be thought of as an inverse nominal lifetime at each instance of time. The index is directly computed from the time derivative of one‐electron density matrix and is a size‐consistent quantity. In this article, the approach is developed for the time‐dependent Hartree–Fock (TDHF), single‐excitation (TDCIS), and time‐dependent full configuration interaction (TDFCI) models. As a rule, nonstationarity effects are more pronounced in correlated electron systems, and a joint analysis of and the multiconfigurational character of wave functions apparently provide a deeper insight into dynamical molecular processes. The performed calculations on small molecules in laser fields show a preference for the TDCIS model when comparing TDCIS and TDHF with the “exact” TDFCI model. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.