Critical flux in NF of high molar mass polysaccharides and effluents from the paper industry

High molar mass polysaccharides (locust bean gum and karaya gum) and effluents from a mechanical pulp mill and a paper mill were nanofiltered with commercially available nanofiltration (NF) membranes. The effect of the filtration conditions on the flux (critical flux), retention, and the fouling of the membranes was studied. The experiments were conducted by increasing and decreasing the pressure and measuring the flux thus obtained.

The critical flux was observed to increase with increasing flow velocity and decreasing concentration. An increase in pH increased the electrostatic repulsion between the membrane and the dissociated (charged) components in the paper mill effluents. As a result, a higher critical flux was obtained and also the retentions of the charged substances improved. Only a weak form of the critical flux was observed with the mill effluents. The permeate flux deviated from the pure water flux even at the lowest pressure, but increased linearly with pressure until the weak form of the critical flux was exceeded. The small decrease in flux immediately after filtration was started was probably caused by the plugging of the free spaces in the membranes or by the adsorption of foulants onto the membrane surface.

In the filtrations with the high molar mass polysaccharides, a strong form of the critical flux as well as a weak form were observed. The significant irreversible fouling of the most hydrophobic membrane was due to adsorption of the model substances by hydrophobic interaction. A precleaning of the membranes with an alkaline cleaning agent improved the pure water fluxes by up to 30%, but it had only a small effect on the critical or the limiting flux. The pure water fluxes of precleaned membranes after filtration were still higher than the pure water fluxes of the untreated membranes before filtration.     

关于热力学第三定律的能斯特思考

阐明能斯特关于热力学第三定律的思考是大胆的,也是符合逻辑的。     

Generation of femtosecond laser pulses at 263 nm by K_3B_6O_(10)Cl crystal

The third harmonic generation(THG) of a linear cavity Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier by use of a K_3B_6O_(10)Cl(KBOC) crystal is studied for the first time. Output power up to 5.9 mW is obtained at a central wavelength of 263 nm,corresponding to a conversion efficiency of 4.5% to the second harmonic power. Our results show a tremendous potential for nonlinear frequency conversion into the deep ultraviolet range with the new crystal and the output laser power can be further improved.     

一种用于立体供热管网的水力计算方法

为了充分利用新能源的节能潜力,需要提高供热管网模型在非对称、非规则拓扑结构的管网上进行水力计算的能力.本文提出一种立体管网建模方法.该方法无需基于图论搜索基本回路,能够在三维非对称、非规则拓扑结构上直接对热网进行水力工况分析.将该方法与传统方法的建模过程进行详细的比较,并通过具体案例计算验证方法的有效性.     

Peristaltic motion of third grade fluid in curved channel

＂ Analysis is performed to study the slip effects on the peristaltic flow of non-Newtonian fluid in a curved channel with wall properties. The resulting nonlinear partial differential equations are transformed to a single ordinary differential equation in a stream function by using the assumptions of long wavelength and low Reynolds number. This differential equation is solved numerically by employing the built-in routine for solving nonlinear boundary value problems （BVPs） through the software Mathematica. In addition, the analytic solutions for small Deborah number are computed with a regular perturbation technique. It is noticed that the symmetry of bolus is destroyed in a curved channel. An intensification in the slip effect results in a larger magnitude of axial velocity. Further, the size and circulation of the trapped boluses increase with an increase in the slip parameter. Different from the case of planar channel, the axial velocity profiles are tilted towards the lower part of the channel. A comparative study between analytic and numerical solutions shows excellent agreement.     

国外印刷电子产业发展概述

近年来印刷电子有了快速发展,许多有关印刷电子的科研成果,已从实验室投入了生产,初步形成了印刷电子产业体系。本文介绍了应用于印刷电子的各类有机、无机材料及工艺装备,特别详细列举了各类印刷电子产品及其应用情况,这些印刷电子产品已开始进入人们日常生活的多个方面。虽然印刷电子产业尚处于发展初级阶段,市场不够成熟,但已显示出十分光明的发展前景。文中还指出政府机构的重视和支持是国外印刷电子产业发展的重要因素。     

随机连续需求的分布式仓储两阶段模型研究

主要研究了随机连续需求情况下的第三方仓储企业能力配置与分布式仓储问题。对不同客户货物的仓储能力配置与分布式仓储问题,建立相应的两阶段数学模型,并且对该模型进行化简求解,之后进行了模型的逆向调整与改进。研究发现,在有仓储能力限制的情境下,不同客户不同货物的仓储能力分配值不仅与本身的需求分布相关,还与其他货物的需求分布有着比较大的关系,并且这种关系会随着仓储空间限制的加大而变得更加紧密。在总仓储能力足够大时,各不同客户货物的存储能力分配主要受本身的需求分布影响。进而对仓容有限条件下的第三方仓储提出了动态自适应分布式两阶段存储策略。     

最小差距最大化组合赋权的软件服务外包产业核心竞争力评价模型及实证

正确评价我国软件服务外包产业核心竞争力并提取关键影响因素,有利于找出产业发展中存在的问题,也为制定产业发展政策提供可靠依据。根据产业核心竞争力内涵,基于钻石模型,构建了软件服务外包产业核心竞争力评价指标体系,通过评价值最小差距最大化组合赋权方法计算多种权重的组合权重,并对我国典型的18个城市软件服务外包产业核心竞争力进行实证分析。最小差距最大化组合赋权模型消除了在不同赋权方法下评价排序不一致的缺陷,并最大程度地区分了评价结果之间的差距,提高了评价结果的科学性和可靠性     

范德瓦耳斯气体与热力学第三定律不相容

指出范德瓦耳斯气体与经典理想气体一样,也与热力学第三定律不相容．由此指明了考虑了粒子间相互作用的经典体系,仍与热力学第三定律不相容．     

三阶非线性效应对三次谐波振荡转换的影响

使用快速傅里叶变换和四阶龙格-库塔法,对KDP晶体内以Ⅰ／Ⅱ类角度失谐设置方式的高强度激光三次谐波振荡转换进行了研究,考虑了谐波转换过程中的三阶非线性x^[3]、衍射、离散等效应,并着重研究了KDP晶体的三阶非线性效应对高强度激光三次谐波转换的影响。研究表明,三阶非线性效应降低了三次谐波振荡转换效率,增大了相位扰动对3ω光束的强度调制,然而通过增加二倍频的失谐角△θ8,可以避免三阶非线性效应对三次谐波振荡转换带来的不利影响。