直流电晕充电下环氧树脂表面电位衰减特性的研究

介质材料表面电荷的积累和衰减行为是制约众多高压直流电力设备研制的关键因素. 薄片状介质试样的表面电荷密度与表面电位近似呈线性关系, 因此常通过表面电位衰减行为研究表面电荷的衰减特性. 基于电晕充电、表面电荷沉积和脱陷、介质体内单极性电荷输运等3个物理过程, 建立表面电位动态响应的物理模型. 通过计算环氧树脂的表面电位衰减行为, 得到栅极电压、相对介电常数和体电导率等对其表面电位衰减特性的影响. 栅极电压越高, 表面电位的衰减速度越快; 环氧树脂材料参数典型值(相对介电常数3.93, 体电导率10^-14 S· m^-1)下, 归一化表面电位的衰减速率随时间变化的曲线可拟合为分段幂函数, 其中, 分段幂函数的特征时间、指数系数与栅极电压分别呈幂函数和线性变化关系. 相对介电常数越大, 表面电位的衰减速度越慢; 环氧树脂相对介电常数典型范围(3–4)内, 表面电位衰减时间常数由1720 s增大到2540 s, 两者呈线性关系. 体电导率越大, 表面电位的衰减速度越快; 环氧树脂体电导率典型范围(10^-15–10^-13 S· m^-1)内, 表面电位衰减时间常数由24760 s 减小到260 s, 两者呈幂函数变化关系.     

Low Temperature Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence

In this short letter, we describe the effects of low temperature on the Metal-Enhanced Fluorescence (MEF) phenomenon. Fluorophores close to Silver Island Films (SiFs) show on average two- to ten-fold enhancements in their fluorescence signatures at room temperature. However, at 77 K, we have observed that MEF is even more pronounced as compared to an identical glass control sample. We also demonstrate that the further enhancements in MEF occur at low temperature over a range of visible wavelengths for different fluorophores, for both SiFs and 20 nm surface deposited gold colloids.     

Surface charge dynamics studied by the temporal evolution of the corona charging current

The decay of surface charges deposited on the dielectric material by the partial discharge (PD) activity has a great impact on the repetition of partial discharges. In this work, the effect of dielectric placed on the surface of ground electrode in a needle-plane configuration on the discharge activity was investigated, with the application of a periodic negative step voltage. The charge decay mechanisms on a corona charged dielectric surface were investigated based on a comparison between experiments and a FEM-based numerical model. The comparison indicates that the surface charges may decay due to different mechanisms depending on the applied stress.     

Asymptotically exact a posteriori local discontinuous Galerkin error estimates for the one‐dimensional second‐order wave equation

In this article, we analyze a residual‐based a posteriori error estimates of the spatial errors for the semidiscrete local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method applied to the one‐dimensional second‐order wave equation. These error estimates are computationally simple and are obtained by solving a local steady problem with no boundary condition on each element. We apply the optimal L² error estimates and the superconvergence results of Part I of this work [Baccouch, Numer Methods Partial Differential Equations 30 (2014), 862–901] to prove that, for smooth solutions, these a posteriori LDG error estimates for the solution and its spatial derivative, at a fixed time, converge to the true spatial errors in the L²‐norm under mesh refinement. The order of convergence is proved to be , when p‐degree piecewise polynomials with are used. As a consequence, we prove that the LDG method combined with the a posteriori error estimation procedure yields both accurate error estimates and superconvergent solutions. Our computational results show higher convergence rate. We further prove that the global effectivity indices, for both the solution and its derivative, in the L²‐norm converge to unity at rate while numerically they exhibit and rates, respectively. Numerical experiments are shown to validate the theoretical results. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 1461–1491, 2015     

A macroscopic model for an intermediate state between type‐I and type‐II superconductivity

A vectorial nonlocal and nonlinear parabolic problem on a bounded domain for an intermediate state between type‐I and type‐II superconductivity is proposed. The domain is for instance a multiband superconductor that combines the characteristics of both types. The nonlocal term is represented by a (space) convolution with a singular kernel arising in Eringen's model. The nonlinearity is coming from the power law relation by Rhyner. The well‐posedness of the problem is discussed under low regularity assumptions and the error estimate for a semi‐implicit time‐discrete scheme based on backward Euler approximation is established. In the proofs, the monotonicity methods and the Minty–Browder argument are used. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 1551–1567, 2015     

Strichartz Estimates for Non-Elliptic Schrödinger Equations on Compact Manifolds

In this note we consider the Schrödinger equation on compact manifolds equipped with possibly degenerate metrics. We prove Strichartz estimates with a loss of derivatives. The rate of loss of derivatives depends on the degeneracy of metrics. For the non-degenerate case we obtain, as an application of the main result, the same Strichartz estimates as that in the elliptic case. This extends Strichartz estimates for Riemannian metrics proved by Burq-Gérard-Tzvetkov to the non-elliptic case and improves the result by Salort for the degenerate case. We also investigate the optimality of the result for the case on 𝕊³ × 𝕊³.     

A posterior error estimates for the nonlinear grating problem with transparent boundary condition

The nonlinear grating problem is modeled by Maxwell's equations with transparent boundary conditions. The nonlocal boundary operators are truncated by taking sufficiently many terms in the corresponding expansions. A finite element method with the truncation operators is developed for solving the nonlinear grating problem. The two posterior error estimates are established. The a posterior error estimate consists of two parts: finite element discretization error and the truncation error of the nonlocal boundary operators. In particular, the truncation error caused by truncation operations is exponentially decayed when the parameter N is increased. Numerical experiment is included to illustrate the efficiency of the method. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 31: 1101–1118, 2015     

Analysis of aquatic‐phase natural organic matter by optimized LDI‐MS method

The composition and physiochemical properties of aquatic‐phase natural organic matter (NOM) are most important problems for both environmental studies and water industry. Laser desorption/ionization (LDI) mass spectrometry facilitated successful examinations of NOM, as humic and fulvic acids in NOM are readily ionized by the nitrogen laser. In this study, hydrophobic NOMs (HPO NOMs) from river, reservoir and waste water were characterized by this technique. The effect of analytical variables like concentration, solvent composition and laser energy was investigated. The exact masses of small molecular NOM moieties in the range of 200–1200 m/z were determined in reflectron mode. In addition, spectra of post‐source‐decay experiments in this range showed that some compounds from different natural NOMs had the same fragmental ions. In the large mass range of 1200–15 000 Da, macromolecules and their aggregates were found in HPO NOMs from natural waters. Highly humic HPO exhibited mass peaks larger than 8000 Da. On the other hand, the waste water and reservoir water mainly had relatively smaller molecules of about 2000 Da. The LDI‐MS measurements indicated that highly humic river waters were able to form large aggregates and membrane foulants, while the HPO NOMs from waste water and reservoir water were unlikely to form large aggregates. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

SIMCA法判别分析木材生物腐朽的研究

木材是一种生物质材料,容易受到各种微生物的危害,生物腐朽可以迅速导致木材结构的破坏,因此,对木材生物腐朽的快速、准确地检测或鉴定具有重要意义。近几年来,近红外光谱和SIMCA方法正被用于识别或检测食品、药品和农产品等研究中,因此,本研究尝试利用近红外光谱结合SIMCA方法来检测木材的生物腐朽。研究结果表明,应用近红外光谱和SIMCA方法能有效地判别木材的生物腐朽类型,通过培训集样本建立的基于PCA分析的SIMCA判别模型对未腐朽、白腐和褐腐三种类型样本进行回判,判别准确率分别为100%, 82.5%和100%;而对未知腐朽类型的样本(包括未腐朽、白腐和褐腐样本),判别准确率分别为100%, 85%和100%;SIMCA方法对未腐朽和褐腐类型的判别准确率均达到100%,但对白腐样本都有错判,造成这种错判的主要原因可能是由于样本包括的信息不够丰富以及腐朽初期白腐和褐腐试样的性质差异太小等。     

基于单幅数字散斑投影及图像相关的离面振动测量

采用单幅数字散斑图投影及高速数字图像采集技术,研究了动态离面位移的测量。采用商用液晶投影仪将计算机产生的模拟散斑图投影到待测动态变形物体表面,由高速数字图像采集设备摄取并保存变形散斑图,采用时间序列数字图像相关软件计算出物体表面各点随时间变化的离面位移。这种方法用于振动分析时不仅可以获得振型分布,而且还可以获得各点的振幅值。与现有的激光频闪照相测振及激光多普勒测振等方法相比,具有光学系统简单,可全场定量测量。悬臂梁振动实验结果证实了该方法的有效性。