基于自组织理论的技术创新系统演化机理及模型分析

创新是人类财富之源,是经济发展的巨大动力。本文从复杂系统理论角度说明了技术创新系统的自组织特性;分析了创新过程的不稳定性、分岔、突变和随机"涨落"等演化特征和作用机理;随后结合进化经济学理论,构建了技术创新系统自组织竞争与协同演化过程的定量模型,并对模型的稳定性和演化趋势进行分析,应用统计和数学工具软件对模型的参数变化进行函数模拟,对模拟结果进行了讨论;随后以我国通信产业发展为例进行了相关案例分析。此研究旨在通过自然科学与社会科学的有效结合,对技术创新系统的演化机理及过程提供一种新的研究思路。     

A Review of Technological Forecasting from the Perspective of Complex Systems

Technology forecasting (TF) is an important way to address technological innovation in fast-changing market environments and enhance the competitiveness of organizations in dynamic and complex environments. However, few studies have investigated the complex process problem of how to select the most appropriate forecasts for organizational characteristics. This paper attempts to fill this research gap by reviewing the TF literature based on a complex systems perspective. We first identify four contexts (technology opportunity identification, technology assessment, technology trend and evolutionary analysis, and others) involved in the systems of TF to indicate the research boundary of the system. Secondly, the four types of agents (field of analysis, object of analysis, data source, and approach) are explored to reveal the basic elements of the systems. Finally, the visualization of the interaction between multiple agents in full context and specific contexts is realized in the form of a network. The interaction relationship network illustrates how the subjects coordinate and cooperate to realize the TF context. Accordingly, we illustrate suggest five trends for future research: (1) refinement of the context; (2) optimization and expansion of the analysis field; (3) extension of the analysis object; (4) convergence and diversification of the data source; and (5) combination and optimization of the approach.     

在位企业适应突破性创新的投资策略研究

突破性技术创新的出现对企业的生存环境和技术基础产生巨大的冲击,在位企业应对突破性创新时一般有被动适应和主动适应两种策略。当突破性创新已经发生,在位企业只能根据企业自身条件和特点被动地适应技术变革。当突破性创新有可能发生时,在位企业会从战略视角作出预期,采取灵活性的投资策略,主动地适应突破性创新的冲击。本文通过一个简单的投资模型,对在位企业适应突破性创新的两种不同策略进行了分析,并给出相应的算例。     

Towards quantification of the role of materials innovation in overall technological development

This article presents a method for quantitatively assessing the role of materials innovation in overall technological development. The method involves classifying the technical changes underlying the overall innovation process first within a set of functional categories and then within each category as a hierarchical array of technical changes. It is specifically found that about 2/3 of the total progress in computation over the past 40 years has been due to materials/process innovations. More speculatively, materials/process innovation contributes at least 20% of the progress in all areas and the relative contribution of materials/process innovation to overall technological progress has grown in the past few decades. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2012     

MODELING THE DEPLETION OF A RENEWABLE RESOURCE BY POPULATION AND INDUSTRIALIZATION: EFFECT OF TECHNOLOGY ON ITS CONSERVATION

Abstract In this paper, a nonlinear mathematical model is proposed and analyzed to study the depletion of a renewable resource by population and industrialization with resource‐dependent migration. The effect of technology on resource conservation is also considered. In the modeling process, four variables are considered, namely, density of a renewable resource, population density, density of industrialization, and technological effort. Both the growth rate and carrying capacity of resource biomass, which follows logistic model, are assumed to be simultaneously depleted by densities of population and industrialization but it is conserved by technological effort. It is further assumed that densities of population and industrialization increase due to increase in the density of renewable resource. The growth rate of technological effort is assumed to be proportional to the difference of carrying capacity of resource biomass and its current density. The model is analyzed by using the stability theory of differential equations and computer simulation. The model analysis shows that the biomass density decreases due to increase in densities of population and industrialization. It decreases further as the resource‐dependent industrial migration increases. But the resource may never become extinct due to population and industrialization, if technological effort is applied appropriately for its conservation.     

技术创新影响因素的区域差异:以中国30个省份为例的研究

利用中国30个省(直辖市、自治区)的面板数据,对中国技术创新影响因素的区域差异进行了实证分析,不仅研究了地区研发投入对技术创新的影响,还考虑了财政创新支持、金融创新支持、外商投资的技术溢出、地区经济的转轨情况、地区人力资本禀赋等因素的影响作用.实证结果表明,研发投入是地区技术创新的主要推动因素,各个因素对技术创新影响的区域差异明显.     

基于Gini准则的客观组合评价方法研究——以高技术产业技术创新能力评价为例

为了解决多方法评价结论的非一致性问题,提出了一种基于Gini准则的客观组合评价方法。该方法按照每种评价方法的评价值所提供的信息纯度对每种评价方法赋予相应的权重,信息纯度越大,则相应地赋予越大的权重,然后按照赋予的权重进行客观组合评价。并以高技术产业技术创新能力评价为例,验证了Gini准则客观组合评价方法的可操作和相对有效性。基于Gini准则的客观组合评价方法为解决多方法评价结论的非一致性问题提供了新的思路,是组合评价方法研究的有益补充。     

Technology adoption with limited foresight and uncertain technological learning

Most previous optimization models on technology adoption assume perfect foresight over the long term. In reality, decision-makers do not have perfect foresight, and the endogenous driving force of technology adoption is uncertain. With a stylized optimization model, this paper explores the adoption of a new technology, its associated cost dynamics, and technological bifurcations with limited foresight and uncertain technological learning. The study shows that when modeling with limited foresight and technological learning, (1) the longer the length of the decision period, the earlier the adoption of a new technology, and the value of a foresight can be amplified with a high learning rate. However, when the decision period is beyond a certain length, further extending its length has little influence on adopting the new technology; (2) with limited foresight, decisions aiming at minimizing the total cost of each decision period will commonly result in a non-optimal solution from the perspective of the entire decision horizon; and (3) the range of technological bifurcation is much larger than that with perfect foresight, but uncertainty in technological learning tends to reduce the range by removing the early adoption paths of a new technology.     

企业技术创新的多目标模糊决策模型及MATLAB实现

针对企业技术创新过程中的多目标决策优化问题的模糊性,运用多目标决策模糊集理论进行研究,建立数学模型并基于M ATLAB程序,较好地克服了过去各方案评价结果分辨率不高和优劣性评价的不足之处,并通过实证分析和计算机模拟计算,证实了模型的科学性,也说明模型具有较强的可靠性和实用性.     

Learning from Own and Foreign Experience: Technological Adaptation by Imitating Firms

In this paper we study the adaptive behavior of firms which repeatedly have to make a production decision. In a single good market the firms use own experience as well as information gathered by observing competitors to iteratively choose a production technology out of a given set. The adaptive learning of the firms is described in a dynamic model and analyzed in a simulation framework. We show that a small but positive propensity to imitate is optimal for the firms and yields production efficiencies above 95% of the maximal value. Furthermore, we observe that in a competitive situation firms using optimal propensities to imitate outmatch pure imitators and nonimitators in production efficiency as well as in profits. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.