Detection and Identification of the Herbicide Isoproturon and its Metabolites in Field Samples After a Heavy Rainfall Event

Abstract

The occurence of isoproturon [N-(4-isopropylphenyl)-N′, N′-dimethyl urea] and its metabolites was investigated in soil solution, runoff and creek water from a farm in Scheyern (Bavaria, FRG) after a heavy rainfall event following the application in spring 1994. The analytical procedure included enrichment by C 18 solid-phase extraction and reversed-phase HPLC with diode array detection. The major degradation product in most of the samples was identified as 2-hydroxy-isoproturon [N-(4-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)-phenyl)-N′. N′ dimethyl urea] using the authentic compound. The latter has been isolated from wheat cell culture medium and its structure elucidated by NMR and MS. Furthermore, the polar metabolites monodesmethyl-isoproturon [N-′ (4-Isopropylphenyl)-N′-methyl urea] and 2-hydroxy-monodesmethyl-isoproturon [N-(4-Isopropylphenyl)-N′-methyl urea] and 2-hydroxy-monodesmethyl-isoproturon [N-(4-(2-hydroxyisopropyl)-phenyl)-N′-methyl urea] were identified by comparison of their retention times and DAD-UV spectra with reference compounds.

The detection of isoproturon in soil solution down to 170 cm depth and in creek water in concentrations exceeding 4 μg/1 and also of the polar metabolites in concentrations up to 0,9 μg/1 indicated the mobility of this phenylurea herbicide and its degradation products. Therefore the metabolites should be considered in studies on the migration of isoproturon and in the ecotoxicological evaluation.     

TiCl4/MgCl2催化剂载钛量对交联烯烃聚合的影响

研究了载钛量不同的两种MgCl2/TiCl4催化剂对1,5-已二烯交联烯烃催化活性的影响.并用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了其聚合物的分子量及其分布;用旋转粘度计和超声波仪研究了其聚合物溶液的抗剪切稳定性.结果表明,载钛量较高的MgCl2/TiCl.催化剂的交联聚合活性较好.所合成聚合物的分子量较低.分子量分布较宽,且其抗剪切稳定性能也较好.     

利用幂律尾指数的中国降水突变检测与归因

利用中国气象局国家气候中心740站点1960—2000年日降水观测资料,研究日降水幂律尾指数随时间的演变特征,结果表明中国华北、东北和西北地区0—7mm日降水幂律尾指数在1979—1980年之间发生突变,由此推测中国北方地区的大尺度气候背景在上世纪70年代末80年代初曾出现较大变化.该突变与厄尔尼诺和南方涛动(ENSO)综合指数联系紧密,可能是造成北方干旱化的重要原因之一.进一步分析表明,0—29mm日降水过程平稳性较好,30mm以上日降水过程平稳性相对较差,使得长期的暴雨预测面临严峻的挑战. 关键词： 幂律尾指数 突变 北方干旱化 暴雨     

高中生对“物质的量”概念群的理解水平测查

通过编制信度、效度可靠的测量工具对高中生“物质的量”概念群的理解水平进行测查,发现大部分学生主要处于部分理解并伴随一定的误解的理解水平;学生对各概念的理解均存在迷思概念;学生在“物质的量”概念群中的迷思概念共计14条。     

基于幂律尾指数研究不同尺度系统对降水的影响

利用中国气象局国家气候中心740站点1960—2000年日降水观测资料，统计分析表明，各气候特征区30 mm以上日降水存在幂律尾分布特征，从中国的整体情况来看，幂律尾指数的均值超过了3.0，其对应的降水过程不存在平稳性成分，因此长期暴雨预报成为一个艰巨的任务.借助滤波方法进一步研究发现：日降水幂律尾分布特征是大气中各尺度系统相互作用的结果，其中一周尺度系统对30 mm以上日降水幂律尾指数影响最大. 关键词： 幂律尾指数 传递熵 暴雨     

1960―2017年秦岭南北地区降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征研究

基于秦岭南北地区1960―2017年47个气象站点逐日降雨资料,根据章文波提出的日降雨侵蚀力模型估算降雨侵蚀力,并采用气候倾向率、反距离权重插值及Mann-Mendal突变检验等方法分析秦岭南北地区近58 a年均降雨侵蚀力与不同量级降雨侵蚀力的时空变化特征。 结果表明：（1） 1960―2017年秦岭南北地区年均降雨侵蚀力与不同雨量产生的降雨侵蚀力均呈由南向北递减的特征。（2）近58 a,秦岭南北地区年均降雨侵蚀力、大雨与暴雨侵蚀力年际变化呈增长趋势,未通过突变检测;中雨侵蚀力呈减弱趋势,在1972年发生突变且在2007年后达到显著;其中秦岭以北年均降雨侵蚀力、中雨侵蚀力、暴雨侵蚀力均呈下降趋势,且年际波动程度较大,秦岭以南年均降雨侵蚀力及大雨、暴雨侵蚀力均呈上升趋势。（3）秦岭南北地区年均降雨侵蚀力变化趋势空间差异显著,明显增长区集中于汉中盆地与巴巫谷地,减少区集中于西部嘉陵江、秦岭以北汾河入黄河交界、汉水流域两湖平原;且不同量级侵蚀力呈增长趋势的面积大小依次为大雨侵蚀力>暴雨侵蚀力>中雨侵蚀力。     

Modelling Dependence Uncertainty in the Extremes of Markov Chains

General theory on the extremes of stationary processes leads only to a limited representation for extreme-state behaviour, usually summarised by the extremal index. In practice this means that other quantities such as the duration of extreme episodes or aggregate of threshold exceedances within a cluster require stronger model assumptions. In this paper we propose a model based on a Markov assumption for the underlying process, with high-level transitions determined by an asymptotically motivated distribution. This idea is not new: Smith et al. (1997) first developed the statistical basis for such a procedure, which was subsequently extended by Bortot and Tawn (1998) to better handle the case of weak extremal temporal dependence for which the extremal index is unity. We adopt similar procedures to each of these earlier works, but suggest a different model for the Markov transitions. The model we use was developed by Coles and Pauli (2002) to enable a Bayesian inference of multivariate extremes that provides a posterior distribution on the status of asymptotic independence. By adopting this model in the Markov framework, we show here that the model has all the flexibility of the model developed by Bortot and Tawn (1998), but with the additional advantage of providing a posterior probability on the extremal index and inferences that take full account of the uncertainty in the extremal index. We demonstrate the methodology on both simulated data and a time series of daily rainfall that exhibit weak temporal dependence at extreme levels.     

Approximation and estimation of some compound distributions

The distribution of the total amount claimed up to time t can often be written in the form of a compound distribution G_t(x) = Σp_n(t)F⁽ⁿ⁾(x) where p_n(t) is the probability of exactly n claims while F is the distribution of a single claim. In the actuarial literature one often finds approximations of G_t(x) when the time t is large. It seems more natural to take t fixed and to look for approximations for x large. This paper contains a number of such results for a Poisson process and for a Pascal process. Different hypotheses on the tail behaviour of F(t) yield different expressions to estimate 1 - G_t(x). The results obtained should prove to have wider applicability than suggested by the insurance context. Within it, however, applications to premium calculation principles are immediate.     

Pressure and flow changes in vaporizing GC injectors during injections and their impact on split ratio and discrimination of sample components

The effect of pressure changes in the vaporizing GC injectors on the split ratio is investigated. It is shown that the true split ratio depends on a number of parameters and may strongly differ from the split ratio expected from the flows set before injection. Quantitation with split injection based on external standards has to be carried out very carefully (or should be replaced by the method with internal standard). The split ratio may strongly change during the splitting of the sample. There are a number of mechanisms causing some sample components to be retarded and hence to be split by a different ratio. The split injector is a device which still requires further development.     

双参数指数分布尺度参数变化幅度的区间估计

本文将Ｓｃｈｅｃｈｔｍａｎ（１９８３）文中的方法加以修改后应用到双参数指数分布尺度参数变化幅度ρ的估计上，得到了一个保守的置信下限，并通过随机模拟证明了这个置信下限不是平凡的。