Laminar–Turbulent Intermittency in Annular Couette–Poiseuille Flow: Whether a Puff Splits or Not

Direct numerical simulations were carried out with an emphasis on the intermittency and localized turbulence structure occurring within the subcritical transitional regime of a concentric annular Couette–Poiseuille flow. In the annular system, the ratio of the inner to outer cylinder radius is an important geometrical parameter affecting the large-scale nature of the intermittency. We chose a low radius ratio of 0.1 and imposed a constant pressure gradient providing practically zero shear on the inner cylinder such that the base flow was approximated to that of a circular pipe flow. Localized turbulent puffs, that is, axial uni-directional intermittencies similar to those observed in the transitional circular pipe flow, were observed in the annular Couette–Poiseuille flow. Puff splitting events were clearly observed rather far from the global critical Reynolds number, near which given puffs survived without a splitting event throughout the observation period, which was as long as 104 outer time units. The characterization as a directed-percolation universal class was also discussed.     

中子输运方程中的α本征值计算

用多群Sn方法(离散纵标法)独立编制了α本征值计算程序,在一定程度上解决了次临界情形下α本征值计算遇到的困难,并对含空腔系统给出了一个简化处理模型.对标准问题的计算表明,该程序算法可靠,计算结果可信.     

磁约束聚变堆次临界包层概念设计研究进展

为使磁约束聚变堆实现能量放大与氚自持,在其等离子体区周围设置次临界包层和产氚包层。采用天然铀合金燃料、轻水作冷却剂兼慢化剂,内嵌压力管式的次临界包层设计方案,通过对包层物理性能、结构概念设计、热工水力性能和安全分析,表明该方案可将聚变能量放大10倍以上,氚增殖比大于1.15,具有天然的临界安全性和良好余热安全性能。立足于近中期可利用的聚变技术,力争实现聚变能源的提前商用,为我国能源可持续发展提供一种有竞争力的技术选项。     

PCBs的超(亚)临界水催化氧化及还原裂解

简要分析了多氯联苯(PCBs)的来源及其对环境构成的危害,介绍了PCBs在超（亚）临界水中的反应及其处理效果。分别从超临界水氧化、超临界水裂解及亚临界水还原三个方面阐明了超临界反应过程中PCBs降解的反应路径和降解效率,解释了共溶剂（甲醇、苯）、碱催化剂（Na₂CO₃、NaOH）、氧化剂（NaNO₃、NaNO₂）等对PCBs脱氯和分解的增效作用机理。发现在超临界水氧化与超临界水裂解条件下CH3OH对PCBs降解反应的促进机制有所不同,碱催化剂通过中和反应过程中产生的HCl生成NaCl沉淀导致体系中Cl的含量降低,从而促进脱氯反应的进行。对反应器防腐、处理的经济性方面略作讨论,在总结上述研究工作的基础上提出了PCBs的超临界反应处理技术未来发展的若干研究方向。     

Antimicrobial Activities of Plant Extracts against Solanum tuberosum L. Phytopathogens

The purpose of the study was to select an environmentally friendly plant biopesticide to protect seed potatoes against phytopathogens. The scope included the evaluation of the antimicrobial activities of 22 plant water extracts, 22 water-glycol extracts, and 3 subcritical carbon dioxide extracts using the agar diffusion method against 10 potato phytopathogens. For the most effective extracts, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), chemical composition analysis by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and in situ assays on seed potatoes were performed. Garlic water extract was finally selected as the most effective in phytopathogen growth inhibition, both in vitro and in situ, with MIC values ranging between 6.3–25 mg/mL. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural was determined to be the main component of this extract (33.24%). Garlic water extract was proposed as a potential biopesticide against potato phytopathogens.     

亚临界水介质回收酸酐固化环氧树脂/碳纤维复合材料

研究了不同添加剂对碳纤维增强酸酐固化环氧树脂复合材料在亚临界水中降解的影响,通过IR、GC-MS等分析,确定了环氧树脂的分解机理主要为酯键的断裂。 结果表明,KOH与苯酚对酸酐固化环氧树脂的分解没有协同效应,碱性物质更有利于酯键的断裂。 甲基四氢邻苯二甲酸酐固化的环氧树脂增强碳纤维复合材料在反应温度为250 ℃、反应时间为60 min、KOH浓度为0.2 mol/L时可完全分解,回收碳纤维的拉伸强度和表面形貌未受影响。     

The survival probability of critical and subcritical branching processes in finite state space Markovian environment

Let ${\left(Z_n\right)}_{n\ge 0}$ be a branching process in a random environment defined by a Markov chain ${\left(X_n\right)}_{n\ge 0}$ with values in a finite state space $\mathbb{X}$. Let ${\mathbb{P}}_i$ be the probability law generated by the trajectories of ${\left(X_n\right)}_{n\ge 0}$ starting at $X_0=i\in \mathbb{X}.$ We study the asymptotic behaviour of the joint survival probability ${\mathbb{P}}_i\left(Z_n>0,X_n=j\right)$, $j\in \mathbb{X}$ as $n\to +\infty$ in the critical and strongly, intermediate and weakly subcritical cases.     

次临界能源包层严重事故缓解系统

针对中国工程物理研究院混合堆次临界能源包层,提出了一种新型的严重事故缓解系统——工程通道注水系统,采用通道注水的方法直接导出燃料区衰变热,同时与非能动安全壳冷却系统结合,实现燃料区非能动长期冷却的建立,阻止燃料区熔化进程发展,保证次临界能源包层的完整性。在保守假设条件下,当燃料区温度达到1220℃时,工程通道注水系统投入运行即可完成严重事故缓解功能。     

黄芩中黄芩苷的亚临界水提取及高效液相色谱分析

建立了黄芩药材中黄芩苷的亚临界水提取 高效液相色谱测定方法。分别考察了温度、压力、提取时间、提取物颗粒度、溶剂比等因素对提取量的影响,并与有机溶剂提取法比较。结果表明,当两者具有相同的提取效果时,亚临界水提取法的提取时间及提取溶剂的消耗量大大减少,避免了使用有机溶剂造成的污染。黄芩苷提取最佳条件为:样品颗粒度80～100目,溶剂比0.2 mL/mg ,5 MPa,130 ℃保持10 min。并通过提取 高效液相色谱联机分析实现了对提取物的实时监测。该技术有望成为从中药材中提取脂溶性成分的有效方法。     

Selective determination of alkylmercury compounds in solid matrices after subcritical water extraction,followed by solid‐phase microextraction and GC–MS

A method for the extraction and determination of methylmercury (MeHg) in solid matrices is presented. Combining the advantages of two extraction techniques—subcritical water extraction (subWE) and solid‐phase microextraction (SPME)—selective separation of MeHg from soils is possible. The procedure is based on extraction with subcritical water without using organic solvents, followed by in situ aqueous‐phase derivatization with sodium tetraethylborate and headspace SPME with a silica fiber coated with poly(dimethylsiloxane). The optimization of the extraction parameters is described. The identification and quantification of the extracted alkylmercury compounds from spiked soil samples is performed by GC–MS after thermal desorption. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.