TRACE ELEMENT GEOCHEMISTRY OF INARTICULATE BRACHIOPODS AND SEDIMENTARY ROCK ON THE CAMBRIAN-ORDOVICIAN BOUNDARY

That the contents and compositions of trace elements, especially REE in sedimentary rock and agustite originating from inarticulate brachiopods, conodont, etc. change in the vertical direction usually has a close relation with the stratigraphic boundary of important biologies. This paper systematically analyses REE and 16 trace elements such as U, Th, Sr, Ba, Co, Ni, Cr, V, Cu, Pb, Zn, Sc, Au, As in sedimentary rocks and the agustite on the standard stratified section of the Cambrian-Ordovician Boundary in Dayangcha, Huniiang, Jilin Province. Based on this, the authors investigate the REE distribution pattern and the law of the contents and compositions of trace elements changing, providing the geochemical evidence for building stratified sections of the Cambrian-Ordovician boundary and discussing sedimentary environments.     

The development of slugging in two-layer hydraulic flows

In this paper, we develop a hydraulic theory to describe theoccurrence and structure of slugging in a confined two-layergas–liquid flow generated by prescribed, constant, upstreamvolumetric flow rates in each layer. A linearized theory forthe uniform flow is established, after which we use bifurcationtheory to study fully non-linear periodic travelling wave structures.We find that a two-parameter family of such travelling wavesolutions exists. Under given conditions, the volumetric flowrate constraint provides a relation between these two parameters.To select a unique periodic travelling wave solution, we requirea further relation. We first investigate the conjecture thatthe periodic travelling wave solution selected in the initialvalue problem has the same wavelength as the linearly most temporallyunstable mode. To do this, we solve the initial value problemnumerically on a periodic domain. We find that the separationof the liquid slugs that form is much longer than the wavelengthof the most unstable temporal mode. We then develop a differentconjecture based on the convective instability of the long ‘tails’of the available periodic travelling wave solutions, which leadsto a better understanding of the wavelength selection process.     

基于顾客满意的渠道合作机制研究

将零售商的服务分为短期性服务和基于顾客满意的长期性服务,由于长期性服务对销售量的影响具有滞后性,因此本文建立了多时期渠道动态决策模型.在此基础上分析了三种情况:①制造商对零售商的长期性服务不激励、②制造商对零售商的长期性服务激励和③渠道整合结果表明:如果制造商不对零售商激励,零售商也有长期性服务偏好;如果对零售商激励,那么零售商付出的长期性服务更多,他们的努力程度由零售商利润的贴现系数决定.同时渠道整合时,渠道总利润要优于其余两种情况.制造商对零售商激励时双方的利润都要大于不激励时的利润,渠道整合时双方的利润与他们的分配比例有关.     

Homogenization of high frequency nonlinear acoustics equations

High frequency nonlinear acoustics equations proposed in [1] are considered. The acoustic characteristics of the medium rapidly oscillate. This model describes the propagation of pulses of sound shocks generated by supersonic planes, blast waves in atmosphere and ocean, continuous radiation of sound sources. An asymptotic solutions of high frequency nonlinear acoustics equations is constructed (when the characteristic size of inhomogeneity is small with respect to the height of the layer where the problem is posed     

Liquid and gas entrainment to a small break hole from a stratified two-phase region

A theoretical and experimental study has been conducted for liquid and gas entrainment to a small break hole from a stratified two-phase region. Theoretical correlations previously obtained for top, side and bottom entrainment were modified to express the relation between break flow rate, break quality and bulk water level so that they can be used easily for any break geometry. The modified correlations were assessed with experimental data obtained under room temperature and low pressure conditions using air and water. The experiment results were predicted well with the present model without using any adjustment coefficient when the upstream flow was symmetrical around the break. The effects of vortex, crossflow and wavy flow, observed in the experiment but not taken into account in the model, were empirically correlated based on the present correlation. By using the empirically modified correlations, the data in the literature, including high-pressure steam-water conditions, were reasonably predicted.     

Relative arithmetic

In nonstandard mathematics, the predicate ‘x is standard’ is fundamental. Recently, ‘relative’ or ‘stratified’ nonstandard theories have been developed in which this predicate is replaced with ‘x is y ‐standard’. Thus, objects are not (non)standard in an absolute sense, but (non)standard relative to other objects and there is a whole stratified universe of ‘levels’ or ‘degrees’ of standardness. Here, we study stratified nonstandard arithmetic and the related transfer principle. Using the latter, we obtain the ‘reduction theorem’ which states that arithmetical formulas can be reduced to equivalent bounded formulas. Surprisingly, the reduction theorem is also equivalent to the transfer principle. As applications, we obtain a truth definition for arithmetical sentences and we formalize Nelson's notion of impredicativity (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

An index tracking model with stratified sampling and optimal allocation

This paper investigates the portfolio strategy problem for passive fund management. We propose a novel portfolio strategy that combines the existing stratified strategy and optimized sampling strategy. The proposed method enables one to include adequate practical information in portfolio decision making, and promotes better out‐of‐sample performance. A mixed‐integer program model is built that captures the stratification information, the cardinality requirement, and other practical constraints. The corresponding model is able to forecast and generate optimal tracking portfolios with high performance, especially in out‐of‐sample time period. As mixed‐integer program is a well‐known NP‐hard problem, to tackle the computational challenge, we propose a stratified hybrid genetic algorithm, in which a novel crossover operator is introduced. To evaluate the proposed strategy and algorithm, we conduct numerical tests on real data sets collected from China Stock Exchange Markets. The experimental results show that the algorithm runs efficiently and the portfolio strategy performs significantly better than other existing strategies.     

基于委托代理理论的“公司+农户”租赁模式分析

针对公司与农户合作时存在违约问题,本文基于委托代理理论构建了由风险规避的公司和农户组成的“公司+农户”租赁模型。分析了在信息不对称条件下,该模式的激励系数与租金的制定策略,并通过数值仿真探讨了各参数变化对激励系数和租金的影响。研究结果表明公司给予农户的分成比例越高,农户生产努力水平越高,同时公司前期支付给农户的租金越低,后期给予农户的分成比例越高。此外,激励系数随公司风险规避系数、农户生产能力的增加而增加,随农户风险规避系数、外生不确定因素的增加而减小;租金随农户风险规避系数、农户生产能力的增加而增加,随公司风险规避系数、外生不确定因素的增加而减小,并且在满足一定条件时,存在最优的市场价格使得租金最低。