单源模糊数及其运算

本文首先指出模糊数的运算存在模糊源问题，然后定义了单源模糊数的一些基本概念，并建立了单源模糊数的运算方法，最后给出了单源模糊数线性方程组的求解方法。     

On a reduced load equivalence for fluid queues under subexponentiality

We propose a general framework for obtaining asymptotic distributional bounds on the stationary backlog in a buffer fed by a combined fluid process A ₁ + A ₂ and drained at a constant rate c. The fluid process A ₁ is an (independent) on–off source with average and peak rates ρ₁ and r₁ , respectively, and with distribution G for the activity periods. The fluid process A ₂ of average rate ρ₂ is arbitrary but independent of A ₁. These bounds are used to identify subexponential distributions G and fairly general fluid processes A ₂ such that the asymptotic equivalence P[W ^A1+A2,c >ϰ]∼P[W ^A1,c—ρ2>ϰ] (ϰ → ∞) holds under the stability condition ρ₁ + ρ₂ < c and the non-triviality condition c – ρ₂ < r ₁. In these asymptotics the stationary backlog results from feeding source A ₁ into a buffer drained at reduced rate c – ρ₂. This reduced load asymptotic equivalence extends to a larger class of distributions G a result obtained by Jelenkovic and Lazar [19] in the case when G belongs to the class of regular intermediate varying distributions. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Violation of Heisenberg's uncertainty relations on individual particles within subset ofγ photons ine + e − → 2γ pair creation

It is shown in this work that, if one accepts (a) the absolute energymomentum conservation in EPR-type sources (such as thee ⁺ e ^– 2 source analyzed here) and (b) the validity of the quantum mechanical formalism, then the standard Copenhagen interpretation of quantum measurement itself implies experimental violations of the Heisenberg uncertainty relations for certain observable subsets of photons emitted by such EPR sources. It thus follows from the quantum formalism itself that the uncertainty relations are not valid for all observable individual particles—in direct violation with an essential assumption of Bohr's and Heisenberg's philosophical outlook.     

Fourier transform Raman spectroscopy: A comparison of Nd:YAG and lower-frequency sources

Fourier transform Raman instruments invariably incorporate Nd:YAG solid state lasers operating at 1064 nm. Recently, new lasers have appeared which are likely to be of appropriate power and linewidth for Raman spectroscopy and to be very economical. They emit at various wavelengths between the deep red and one micron wavelength. We have investigated whether sources in this domain are as satisfactory as Nd:YAG ones and conclude that where samples display even the slightest fluorescence with 1064 nm excitation this will be worse if shorter wavelength sources are used and unacceptably so if the source is of shorter wavelength than 900 nm. Thus as a routine analytical tool new improved sources are essential and many of the newer sources are unlikely to be satisfactory.     

BIOSYNTHESIS AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF POLY（3-HYDROXYBUTYRATE-co-3-HYDROXYVALERATE） WITH LARGE VARIETY OF HYDROXYVALERATE CONTENTS BY BACILLUS CEREUS

Biosynthesis and thermal properties of poly（3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate） （PHBV） with different HV （hydrovalerate） content produced by a Bacillus cereus strain were investigated. A large variety of HV contents （up to about 90 mol%） of PHBV could be produced by this strain. Combined nitrogen sources containing both yeast extract and ammonium sulphate were better for cell growth and polyhydroxyalkanoates （PHA） production than either yeast extract or ammonium sulphate alone. Propionic acid is more favorable for the production of HV content than that of valeric acid. Finally, thermal properties of PHBV produced by this strain are found close to the results of other groups.     

Umschlossene Strahlungsquellen

Der Stand der Herstellung umschlossener Strahlungsquellen in der DDR ist Gegenstand des vorliegenden Berichtes. Nach einleitender Darlegung der wichtigsten Etappen einer mehr als zehnjährigen Entwicklung auf diesem Gebiet folgt eine Übersicht über das derzeitige Fertigunngsprogramm, wobei auch auf Probleme der Qualitätskontrolle und Messung eingengangen wird. Einige bereits jetzt erkennbare Schwerpunkle der Entwicklung in den nächsten Jahren werden abschlieβend behandelt.     

First results from the Freiburg electron beam ion trap FreEBIT

Initial tests from the Freiburg electron beam ion trap are reported. Highly charged ions of xenon, barium, tungsten and krypton have been observed with charge states up to 60+ by means of X-ray spectroscopy. The current status, upgrade and future experiments are outlined. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Investigation the spectral scattering characteristics of a nanohole in a film

Based on the method of discrete sources, an analysis is made of the spectral scattering characteristics of a nanohole in a metal film applied onto a glass prism. An effect of extremal electromagnetic energy leakage through the hole is discovered in the evanescent wave formation region.     

The singular sources method for cracks

The singular sources method is given to detect the shape of a thin infinitely cylindrical obstacle from a knowledge of the TM‐polarized scattered electromagnetic field in large distance. The basic idea is based on the singular behaviour of the scattered field of the incident point source on the cross‐section of the cylinder. We assume that the scatterer is a perfect conductor which is possibly coated by a material and investigate two models with different boundary conditions. Also we give a uniqueness proof for the shape reconstruction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.