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81.
Crisólogo Dolores Flores Martha Iris Rivera López Deborah Moore-Russo 《School science and mathematics》2020,120(2):104-115
Slope is a fundamental mathematics concept in middle and high school that transcends to the university level. An understanding of slope is needed at the university level since slope plays an important role in understanding problems involving variation and change. In this study Mexican curricula documents were examined to determine which conceptualizations of slope are addressed in the intended mathematics curriculum. To explain the results, we use conceptualizations of slope identified in previous research. Our findings reveal that, to a certain extent, the conceptualizations proposed in the Mexican intended mathematics curriculum differ slightly in terms of the emphasis and timing of instruction from what others have identified in the U.S., with slope as a geometric ratio receiving less emphasis in the Mexican curriculum. There was also noted discontinuity within the Mexican curriculum in introducing slope in grade 9 and subsequently introducing of linear functions in grade 10 without explicit mention of slope. Suggestions are made for future studies, both to consider the conceptualizations of slope promoted in the Mexican textbooks and the impact they have in classroom instruction and student learning of slope. 相似文献
82.
The catalyst layer in a fuel cell can be described with a system of reaction diffusion eq uations for the oxygen concentration and the protonic overpotential. The Tafel law gives an exponential expression for the reaction rate, and the Tafel slope is a coefficient in this law. We present a rigorous thin layer analysis for two reaction regimes. In the case of thin catalyst layers and bounded potentials, the original Tafel law enters as an effective boundary condition. Instead, in the case of large protonic overpotentials, we derive an exponential law that contains the doubled Tafel slope. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
83.
The high-energy current of runaway electrons during a major disruption in tokamak reactors can cause serious damage to the first wall of the reactors and reduce their life time. Therefore, finding a method to minimize runaway electron generation during a major disruption is much needed. Tokamak limiter biasing is one of the methods that can be used for controlling the radial electric field and can induce a transition to an improved confinement state. This paper attempts to examine the effect of limiter biasing on the generation of runaway electrons during a major disruption. To do so, a horizontal biased limiter placed on the tokamak was used. Main parameters such as plasma current, loop voltage, emitted hard X-ray intensity, magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) oscillation and Hα radiation and spectrum of hard X-rays, in the presence and absence of negative and positive limiter biasing, were measured. The results show that the application of limiter biasing during a major disruption can reduce runaway electron generation. 相似文献
84.
E. Keramaris 《Journal of Turbulence》2013,14(6):540-554
In this study, the turbulent characteristics of the flow in an open channel with horizontal and inclined impermeable beds were studied experimentally using two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV). The experiments were conducted in a channel of 6.5 m in length, 7.5 cm in width and 25 cm in height. The slope of the channel was S = 0 for the horizontal impermeable bed and for S = ?0.002, S = ?0.004 and S = ?0.006 for the inclined impermeable bed. Hydraulic characteristics such as distributions of velocities, turbulent intensities and Reynolds stress are investigated at a fine resolution using the PIV. Velocity is measured above the horizontal and inclined impermeable bed for the same different heights (h = 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 cm) and for the same different discharges (Q = 0.735, 0.845 and 0.970 lt/s). Results show that the channel slope influences significantly near the impermeable bed but not near the free surface the variation of turbulent characteristics of the flow and also the alteration of the channel slope from ?0.002 to ?0.006 doesn't influence the variation of turbulent characteristics of the flow, which are the longitudinal turbulent intensity u′U*, the vertical turbulent intensity v′/U* and the turbulent kinetic energy. The channel slope doesn't influence the Reynolds stress. 相似文献
85.
Tsutomu Asano Takuro Furusho Mohammad Mahay Alam Yukihiro Tamba Chie Sawatari Md. Forhad Mina 《Journal of Macromolecular Science: Physics》2013,52(4):774-788
Isotactic polypropylene (iPP) film was melt-crystallized in a temperature gradient. The iPP film showed well oriented α- and β-crystalline textures along the gradient. The crystalline structure, phase transition boundary and lamellar twisting were examined by X-ray diffraction and laser light diffraction (LLD). On the α-β boundary, LLD shows a sharp streak perpendicular to the boundary, where the a-axis of the β-crystal is oriented perpendicular to the temperature gradient. Apart from the boundary, the a-axis of the β-crystal becomes parallel to the gradient. The β-crystal shows lamellar twisting with a pitch of 200 μm at room temperature. When heated the β-crystal, the lamellar distance of 295Å at room temperature decreases to 285Å at 80–100°C and then increases to more than 300Å above 120°C. During the heating, the value of the twist period increases from 200 to 210 μm at 90–100°C, and then to above 224 μm at 140°C. The increase of the twist period is related to the increasing crystalline thickness of the β-lamellae. 相似文献
86.
In this paper, a new highly sensitive potentiometric pH electrode is proposed based on the solid-state PbO2 film electrodeposited on carbon ceramic electrode (CCE). Two different crystal structures of PbO2, α and β were examined and the similar results were obtained. Moreover, the experimental results obtained for the proposed
pH sensor and a conventional glass pH electrode were in good agreement. The electromotive force (emf) signal between the pH-sensitive
PbO2-coated CCE and SCE reference electrode was linear over the pH range of 1.5–12.5. Near-Nernstian slopes of −64.82 and −57.85 mV/pH
unit were obtained for α- and β-PbO2 electrodes, respectively. The interferences of some mono-valence and multi-valence ions on potentiometric response of the
sensor were studied. The proposed pH sensor displayed high ion selectivity with respect to K+, Na+, Ca2+, and Li+, with log values around −12 and has a working lifetime of about 30 days. Key parameters important for the pH sensor performance, including
kind of PbO2 film, selectivity, response time, stability, and reproducibility, have been characterized. The proposed electrode showed
a good efficiency for direct pH-metry after calibration and pH-metric titrations without calibration step. The response time
was about 1 s in acidic medium and less than 30 s in alkaline solutions. The pH values of complex matrix samples such as fruit
juices measured by the proposed sensor and a conventional glass pH electrode were in good agreement. 相似文献
87.
Lin Zhou Lei Huang Nathalie Bouet Konstantine Kaznatcheev Matthew Vescovi Yifan Dai Shengyi Li Mourad Idir 《Journal of synchrotron radiation》2016,23(5):1087-1090
Surface slope profile is widely used in the metrology of grazing‐incidence reflective optics instead of surface height profile. Nevertheless, the theoretical and experimental model currently used in deterministic optical figuring processes is based on surface height, not on surface slope. This means that the raw slope profile data from metrology need to be converted to height profile to perform the current height‐based figuring processes. The inevitable measurement noise in the raw slope data will introduce significant cumulative error in the resultant height profiles. As a consequence, this conversion will degrade the determinism of the figuring processes, and will have an impact on the ultimate surface figuring results. To overcome this problem, an innovative figuring model is proposed, which directly uses the raw slope profile data instead of the usual height data as input for the deterministic process. In this paper, first the influence of the measurement noise on the resultant height profile is analyzed, and then a new model is presented; finally a demonstration experiment is carried out using a one‐dimensional ion beam figuring process to demonstrate the validity of our approach. 相似文献
88.
We describe an algorithm for computing boundary slopes of 2-bridge links. As an example, we work out the slopes of the links obtained by surgery on one component of the Borromean rings. A table of all boundary slopes of all 2-bridge links with 10 or less crossings is also included.
89.
文中总结了几种超导故障限流器的模型。在数学模型的基础上 ,阐述了超导材料的温升、失超传播速度和临界电流密度对超导故障限流器性能的影响 相似文献
90.
本文利用差分方法余项效应理论,分析比较了一些典型的限制因子.对不同的限制因子,格式的表现明显差异主要是由其数值耗散性、色散性强弱不同所致.在分析比较格式的数值耗散性、色散性之后,本文提出了一种新的限制因子,得到的格式在解的剧烈变化区具有更高的分辨率,在光滑区避免了由于数值色散性较强导致的失真.数值试验表明该格式具有较好的性质. 相似文献