Ratiometric detection of Raman hydration shell spectra

The micro‐structure of hydration shell of solute in water is significant for understanding the properties of aqueous solutions. However the spectra of hydration shell are difficult to be obtained. Herein, a novel Raman ratio spectra, which is obtained through dividing the Raman spectra of aqueous solutions from the spectrum of water, was applied to deduce the spectra of hydration shell of organic (acetone‐D6) and inorganic compounds (NaNO₃, NaSCN, NaClO₄, Na₂SO₄, NaCl) in water. Those spectra of the hydration shell were employed to study the micro‐structures of the first hydration shells of anions, the number of water molecules in the first hydration shell of free anions and acetone‐D6, and the aggregation behavior of ions in the concentrated aqueous NaNO₃. The number of water molecules in the hydration shell was supported by our molecular dynamic simulations. The Raman ratio spectra can be widely employed to obtain the spectra of the first hydration shell, and it is helpful to understand the micro‐structure of aqueous solutions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Symmetry calculation for molecules and transition states

The symmetry of molecules and transition states of elementary reactions is an essential property with important implications for computational chemistry. The automated identification of symmetry by computers is a very useful tool for many applications, but often relies on the availability of three‐dimensional coordinates of the atoms in the molecule and hence becomes less useful when these coordinates are a priori unavailable. This article presents a new algorithm that identifies symmetry of molecules and transition states based on an augmented graph representation of the corresponding structures, in which both topology and the presence of stereocenters are accounted for. The automorphism group order of the graph associated with the molecule or transition state is used as a starting point. A novel concept of label‐stereoisomers, that is, stereoisomers that arise after labeling homomorph substituents in the original molecule so that they become distinguishable, is introduced and used to obtain the symmetry number. The algorithm is characterized by its generic nature and avoids the use of heuristic rules that would limit the applicability. The calculated symmetry numbers are in agreement with expected values for a large and diverse set of structures, ranging from asymmetric, small molecules such as fluorochlorobromomethane to highly symmetric structures found in drug discovery assays. The new algorithm opens up new possibilities for the fast screening of the degree of symmetry of large sets of molecules. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

V/P复合氧化物上C-H键活化的密度泛函研究

选择氧化催化剂通常为多组分复合氧化物.一般认为,高价过渡金属的端末双键氧(M=O)是烷烃活化的中心,而非金属端氧(NM=O)与烷烃活化无关.但近期的理论研究发现,复合氧化物中非金属端氧也可能参与烷烃活化.本文采用密度泛函方法(B3LYP)对比V=O和P=O的脱氢活性,并深入揭示二者的差异. H脱除反应可以视为是质子偶联电子传递的过程.对于V/P复合氧化物, V5+充当电子的受体,而V=O和P=O均可接受质子.由于P=O具有更强的质子化能力,导致PO–H键能比VO–H有利6–10 kcal/mol.对于烷烃活化, V=O和P=O脱氢的能垒均可与反应焓变很好地关联,但二者线性回归的截距相差6.2 kcal/mol,说明在相同的焓驱动下, P=O脱氢需要克服更高的能垒.根据Marcus模型,反应的能垒不仅取决去反应焓变,还与内部重组能有关.计算表明,在脱氢过程中, P=O需克服的重组能为128–140 kcal/mol,比V=O过程高出21–23 kcal/mol.这很好地解释了前面的计算结果.应该指出的是,除了反应热力学驱动和重组能外,在势能曲线相交处的电子耦合作用(?HAB?)亦对能量有一定的影响.丁烷选择氧化制顺酐可能经过2-丁烯,丁二烯,2,5-二氢呋喃和丁烯酸内酯等一系列中间体,共有8个H原子在反应过程中需要脱除.对于丁烷的脱氢, P=O的能垒仅比V=O低1.3 kcal/mol,说明初始反应时二者是竞争的.但对于2-丁烯和2,5-二氢呋喃,二者活化能的差距增加为6–7 kcal/mol,说明这时P=O脱氢将占主导.而对丁烯酸内酯活化,二者活化能的差异又缩小到2.5 kcal/mol,表明V=O又具有一定的竞争力.事实上,这种能垒的差异与端氧的亲核性密切相关.P=O更具亲核性,因此有利于被更具酸性的C–H键进攻.根据Evens的估计,烷烃C–H键的pKa为50左右,而烯丙基性C–H为43.这就很好地解释了为什么2-丁烯和2,5-二氢呋喃更容易和P=O发生反应,而丁烷脱氢二者差异不大的原因.这些理论研究可以加深我们对复合氧化物催化剂上活性位点的认识,并为催化剂的理性设计提供理论支撑.     

La(Ⅲ)-乙醇溶液微团簇理论和光谱研究

利用分子光谱和基于密度泛函理论的第一性原理,采用改进的TPSSTPSS泛函方法对C、H、O原子用6-31G基组并添加极化和弥散函数,对La原子选用Def2-SV(P)赝势基组,研究La3+/乙醇溶液微团簇构型。优化计算La3+在水溶液中的溶剂化结构,得出气相中的优化结果可以近似代替液相结果的结论;理论优化计算La3+/乙醇溶液可能存在的结构构型的结果表明,溶剂化数n=6时结构最稳定。采用荧光光谱和核磁共振实验对结果进行了验证,表明La3+的加入使荧光强度显著增强,在高浓度时生成的团簇构型比较稳定,且随着溶剂化数目的增加,O—H键长增大,La3+使其附近的质子产生强大的屏蔽效应,化学位移向高场移动,溶剂化数n=6时绝对误差最小,最稳定,与理论计算结论相吻合。     

Unusually Strong Long‐Distance Metal–Metal Coupling in Bis(ferrocene)‐Containing BOPHY: An Introduction to Organometallic BOPHYs

The first organometallic BOPHY (BOPHY=bis(difluoroboron)‐1,2‐bis{(pyrrol‐2‐yl)methylene}hydrazine) containing two ferrocene substituents was prepared through a Knoevenagel condensation between tetramethyl substituted BOPHY and ferrocene carboxaldehyde. An unprecedentedly strong long‐range (≈17.2 Å) metal–metal coupling in this new complex was investigated using electrochemical, spectroelectrochemical, and chemical oxidation methods. Electrochemical data is indicative of a 200 mV separation between the first and the second ferrocene‐centered oxidation processes. Formation of the mixed‐valence states and appearance and disappearance of two NIR bands were observed during stepwise oxidation of the first organometallic BOPHY. The electronic structure and the nature of the excited states in this new chromophore were studied by DFT and TDDFT calculations.     

双亚磷酸酯和双膦混合配体在丁烯氢甲酰化反应中的应用研究

考察了双亚磷酸酯配体Bisphosphite 1、Bisphosphite 2及双膦配体DPPE、DPPP、DPPB、BISBI在丁烯氢甲酰化反应中的反应活性和选择性,并对双亚磷酸酯配体和双膦配体进行混合,应用到丁烯氢甲酰化反应当中,对混合配体进行筛选发现Bisphosphite 1与DPPB混合配体的反应效果最佳,明显提高了1-丁烯氢甲酰化产物醛的正异构比,并通过31P NMR等方法推测了混合配体与铑配位的关键配合物中间体.通过正交实验优选了铑催化剂浓度、Bisphosphite 1浓度与DPPB浓度,其优化的催化剂配方对1-丁烯氢甲酰化的正异构比达到76.3,平均TOF 1821 h-1.     

基于高通量解析算法的复杂样品重叠气相色谱-质谱信号的快速分析

化学计量学算法为重叠气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)信号的解析提供了有效手段,但其在计算过程中一般需要将数据进行分段处理,然后只对信号的某些区间进行解析,难以实现真正意义上的高通量分析。该文结合移动窗口目标转换因子分析(MWTTFA)和非负免疫算法(NNIA),建立了一种高通量解析方法。首先,根据所有可能存在的目标组分的标准质谱信息,利用MWTTFA检验复杂信号中存在的组分,并确定目标组分的质谱信息和洗脱时间区域。以得到的质谱信息作为后续计算的输入值,利用NNIA解析得到相应的色谱信息。采用快速升温程序对17种和42种农药混合标准样品的GC-MS信号进行分析,利用所建立的方法可在10 min内得到全部组分的色谱和质谱信息。     

六阶图Q与星图S_n的积图交叉数

目前关于积图的交叉数的研究已经推广到六阶图与星图的积图.研究得到了一个特殊六阶图Q与n个孤立点nK_1的联图交叉数,然后通过收缩的方法,得到了Q与星图S_n的积图交叉数.