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31.
Agnieszka Zapanik Marcin Brya Agnieszka Wakiewicz Edyta Ksieniewicz-Wo
niak Grayna Podolska 《Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)》2022,27(1)
The aim of this study was to estimate the contamination of grain coffee, roasted coffee, instant coffee, and cocoa purchased in local markets with ochratoxin A (OTA) and its isomerization product 2′R-ochratoxin A (2′R-OTA), and to assess risk of dietary exposure to the mycotoxins. OTA and 2′R-OTA content was determined using the HPLC chromatography with immunoaffinity columns dedicated to OTA. OTA levels found in all the tested samples were below the maximum limits specified in the European Commission Regulation EC 1881/2006. Average OTA concentrations calculated for positive samples of grain coffee/roasted coffee/instant coffee/cocoa were 0.94/0.79/3.00/0.95 µg/kg, with the concentration ranges: 0.57–1.97/0.44–2.29/0.40–5.15/0.48–1.97 µg/kg, respectively. Average 2′R-OTA concentrations calculated for positive samples of roasted coffee/instant coffee were 0.90/1.48 µg/kg, with concentration ranges: 0.40–1.26/1.00–2.12 µg/kg, respectively. In turn, diastereomer was not found in any of the tested cocoa samples. Daily intake of both mycotoxins with coffee/cocoa would be below the TDI value even if the consumed coffee/cocoa were contaminated with OTA/2′R-OTA at the highest levels found in this study. Up to now only a few papers on both OTA and 2′R-OTA in roasted food products are available in the literature, and this is the first study in Poland. 相似文献
32.
We explore a particular way of reformulating quantum theory in classical terms, starting with phase space rather than Hilbert space, and with actual probability distributions rather than quasiprobabilities. The classical picture we start with is epistemically restricted, in the spirit of a model introduced by Spekkens. We obtain quantum theory only by combining a collection of restricted classical pictures. Our main challenge in this paper is to find a simple way of characterizing the allowed sets of classical pictures. We present one promising approach to this problem and show how it works out for the case of a single qubit. 相似文献
33.
Thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin residues pose a potential threat to human health. This study aims to investigate the residue behavior and acute dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam and clothianidin on spinach. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin were extracted using a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, safe (QuEChERS) method and analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). At spike levels from 0.01 to 5 mg kg−1, the average recoveries of both analytes were in the range of 94.5–105.5%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 3.8–10.9%. The dissipation behavior of thiamethoxam followed first-order kinetics, with half-lives of ≤1.6 days. Clothianidin appeared readily as a plant metabolite with highest level exhibited during 3 to 5 days after application. Temperature and light may be two main factors for degradation of thiamethoxam. Besides, acute risk assessment of thiamethoxam and clothianidin was evaluated with risk quotients (RQs) <100%, which suggested a low health risk for all consumer groups of Chinese residents. 相似文献
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为了解西南某典型山地煤矿区周边农田土壤、农作物重金属的富集情况及对当地人群健康的影响程度,采集矿区周边农田土壤样品和对应的农作物样品,测定重金属Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb的含量。运用Nemero指数法、潜在风险指数法对土壤重金属的污染程度进行评价;采用靶标危害系数法(THQ)评价农作物重金属对人体的健康风险。结果显示,Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb分别是背景值的1.81、1.90、2.89、1.30、0.86倍,处于轻度污染级别,轻微危害程度。农作物重金属Cr、Pb和As含量的超标情况较严重,Zn的含量超标相对较小。各农作物富集的重金属对人体的健康风险大小为:高粱>玉米>白菜>葱>辣椒。农作物重金属对儿童健康的危害均达到了慢性中毒;对成人健康的影响,高粱处于慢性中毒,其它农作物重金属处于产生较大影响的危害程度。农作物重金属与土壤重金属的相关性分析表明,农作物重金属的含量与土壤重金属全量并无线性关系;各重金属在农作物中的转移能力不同;Pb,As在农作物中的转移能力较大,而Cr相对较小。鉴于矿区重金属的富集情况,应尽快采取修复治理措施,为保证当地人群健康,建议当地居民不再食用和种植富集重金属严重的高粱、玉米农作物。 相似文献
38.
In the present paper, we consider a kind of semi-Markov risk model (SMRM) with constant interest force and heavy-tailed claims~ in which the claim rates and sizes are conditionally independent, both fluctuating according to the state of the risk business. First, we derive a matrix integro-differential equation satisfied by the survival probabilities. Second, we analyze the asymptotic behaviors of ruin probabilities in a two-state SMRM with special claim amounts. It is shown that the asymptotic behaviors of ruin probabilities depend only on the state 2 with heavy-tailed claim amounts, not on the state 1 with exponential claim sizes. 相似文献
39.
考虑服务外包风险评估的不确定性,采用概率语言术语集获取FMEA方法所需的专家评价信息,通过给语言集赋予不同的概率以表达偏好的程度。针对传统FMEA方法没有考虑风险间的相互影响关系,风险严重度评估不够准确的问题,采用广义Choquet积分分析风险间的相互影响关系,得到修正后的风险严重度。考虑严重度、发生度和难检度直接相乘准确性低的问题,采用概率语言VIKOR方法对风险的三个因子进行综合评估。最后以公共体育场馆服务外包风险评估为例,验证了所提方法的有效性。 相似文献
40.
一种新型风险型多指标决策方法研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
孙阿平 《数学的实践与认识》2011,41(1)
传统的风险型多指标决策模型没有考虑决策者对风险的态度,而决策者对风险的态度会影响决策的结果,针对这一问题文章在累积前景理论与灰色关联方法的基础上,提出一种考虑决策者风险偏好的风险型多指标决策的方法.该方法首先利用极差化法对风险决策矩阵进行规范化处理,并在此基础上构造出最优与最劣方案;然后利用累积前景理论与灰色关联方法构建前景值函数,并给出利用灰色关联思想确定指标权重的方法与步骤;最终求出各个方案的综合前景值并进行排序选优.通过某电信运营商对管道资源建设方案选择的实例分析说明了方法的可行性与有效性. 相似文献