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121.
  总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
By choosing a PVC slice to simulate flexible vegetation, we carried out experiments in an open channel with submerged flexible vegetation. A 3D acoustic Doppler velocimeter (micro ADV) was used to measure local flow velocities and Reynolds stress. The results show that hydraulic characteristics in non-vegetation and vegetation layers are totally different. In a region above the vegetation, Reynolds stress distribution is linear, and the measured velocity profile is a classical logarithmic one. Based on the concept of new-riverbed, the river compression parameter representing the impact of vegetation on river is given, and a new assumption of mixing length expression is made. The formula for time-averaged velocity derived from the expression requires less parameters and simple calculation, and is useful in applications.  相似文献   
122.
    
This paper presents a new approach for the detection and treatment of colloidal particle collisions. It has been developed in the framework of Lagrangian approaches where a large number of particles is explicitly tracked. The key idea is to account for the continuous trajectories of both colliding partners during a time step that is not restricted. Unlike classical approaches which consider only the distances between a pair of particles at the beginning and at the end of each time step (or assume straight-line motion in between), we model the whole relative, and possibly diffusive, trajectory. The collision event is dealt with using the probability that the relative distance reaches a minimum threshold (equal to the sum of the two particle radii). In that sense, the present paper builds on the idea of a previous work. However, in this first work, the collision event was simulated with a simplified scheme where one of the collision partners was removed and re-inserted randomly within the simulation domain. Though usually applied, this treatment is limited to homogeneous situations. Here, an extension of the stochastic model is proposed to treat more rigorously the collision event via a suitable evaluation of the time and spatial location of the collision and an adequate calculation of subsequent particle motion. The resulting collision kernels are successfully compared to theoretical predictions in the case of particle diffusive motion. With these promising results, the feasibility of simulating the collisional regime over a whole range of particle sizes (even nanoscopic) and time steps (from a ballistic to a purely diffusive regime) with a numerical method of reasonable computational cost has been confirmed. The present approach thus appears as a good candidate for the simulation of the agglomeration phenomenon between particles also in complex non-homogeneous flows.  相似文献   
123.
    
In this research, we have concentrated on the survey of ability of density functional methods and also modern semi-empirical approaches to reproduce the crystal structure of a binuclear silyl nickel complex and a trinuclear palladium silyl complex. In the structural analysis of the aforesaid nickel and palladium complexes, we have also interested to investigate the possibility of Si-Si bond formation between SiH2 and μ-SiH moieties from the structural and electronic viewpoints. Comparison of our calculated structural parameters of aforementioned complexes with the available X-ray crystallographical data reveals that both functionals (B3LYP and M062X) can well reproduce X-ray structure of the complex with a near accuracy while the PM6-D2 semi-empirical calculated values are not in a reliable agreement with the crystallographical data. In the next step, we assessed the nature of interactions between palladium and nickel metal ions with silyl ligands via Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecule (QTAIM) computations. Furthermore, we have analyzed the possibility of Si-Si bond formation in the aforementioned complexes by means of topological electronic indices. Strictly speaking, QTAIM calculations have been performed to explore the electronic density, its laplacian and electronic energy density at some key bond critical points to interpret the structural features of aforesaid complexes from the electronic point of view.  相似文献   
124.
    
Three different approaches for a total quantitative phase analysis of organic mixture data were presented and subsequently tested on a set of ten ternary powder mixtures consisting of α‐glycine, α‐lactose monohydrate and paracetamol form I. In each of these methods, an external standard was used (in the present study, diamond) to determine the diffractometer constant, which was employed to place the crystalline intensities of all other samples on an absolute scale. In Method A, pure component diffractograms were also measured. In Methods B and C, no pure component diffractograms were used. Using Methods A–C, both the absolute crystalline compositions and all the amorphous compositions of the samples were determined. These methods outperform the quantitative phase analysis provided by conventional Rietveld analysis. An average error of less than 0.5 wt% was achieved with the present approaches, whereas the average error from conventional Rietveld analysis was ca 1.3 wt%.  相似文献   
125.
    
An efficient geometric approach to refine anisotropic domain morphology in the double‐Voigt approach based on the variance‐slope apparent crystallite size was recently described. In this way, the Lorentzian part of the Voigt size contribution can be directly linked to an effective area‐ or surface‐weighted morphology. The size contribution in the Voigt approach is, however, rarely pure Lorentzian. In this article, the previously considered models are extended for the Gaussian part of the size broadening, also taking into account size distributions. The limits of the validity of the Voigt approach are also discussed.  相似文献   
126.
张涛甫  姜华 《高分子学报》2020,52(9):150-158
风险认知既取决于物理性一面,也取决于精神性的一面,后者往往作用力更大。风险认知能否客观、真实,受制于认知主体所具备的认知条件和认知能力。在信息“过载”和风险情境下,人的信息感知机理愈加复杂,不确定性加大,风险的认知难度也更大,容易产生认知偏差。复杂性是现代性的伴生物。在几何级扩张的复杂性面前,人类的智性和理性捉襟见肘。作为社会系统的传播、沟通、整合机制,媒体是人类社会风险控制和复杂性管控的有效架构,以其专业化努力给复杂世界带来明确的描述和确定性。但是,在网络社会和风险语境中,媒体系统面临双重“复杂性”,难以胜任风险认知和复杂性管理的重任。  相似文献   
127.
建立了表层取样/气相色谱-串联质谱(GC-MS/MS)测定竹木砧板中19种防腐防霉剂残留的方法。通过表层取样法制备样品后先进行酸化,然后利用乙酸乙酯-正己烷(2∶8,体积比)混合溶剂提取,经方法优化后无需进行衍生化反应及净化操作,采用多反应监测扫描(MRM)模式检测,基质匹配溶液外标法定量。结果表明,19种组分在0.005~200.0μg/mL范围呈良好的线性关系(r2>0.990),检出限(LOD,S/N=3)为0.001~0.17mg/kg,定量下限(LOQ,S/N=10)为0.003~0.55mg/kg;在低、高2个不同加标水平下,19种目标物的回收率为65.8%~97.2%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=6)为4.3%~13%。利用该方法对市售竹木砧板和一次性筷子样品进行检测,发现非定型包装竹木砧板中存在五氯酚残留量高的风险隐患,可为相关部门提供风险预警。  相似文献   
128.
以云南省昆明市东川主要河流及附近土壤、植物为研究对象,对其进行采样分析,并根据美国环境保护署(U.S.EPA)推荐健康风险评价方法对东川流域多种环境因素进行了重金属的健康风险评价。结果表明,水环境中致癌物质造成的风险最大,风险值在2.35×10^(-4)~8.27×10^(-4),达到U.S.EPA推荐的最大值10^(-4),植物根部的健康风险值为0.40×10^(-1)~7.00×10^(-1),茎叶部分的风险值为2.42×10^(-2)~15.24×10^(-2),根部存在的重金属对人体的健康风险约为茎叶部分的5倍;土壤中非致癌物质的健康风险影响较大,总健康风险值区间为0.64×10^(-1)~3.83×10^(-1)。评价结果可为该区域地表水、土壤和植物资源的污染治理、保护开发提供依据。  相似文献   
129.
大群体决策过程中,少数意见十分重要,但考虑少数意见又有一定风险性,本文提出了一种社会网络环境下保护少数意见的风险性大群体应急决策方法。首先,利用自然语言处理技术对社交媒体中公众对突发事件的传播信息进行关键词提取,再采用TF-IDF技术提取公众关心的事件属性并确定属性权重;其次,将专家之间的联系考虑到决策当中,构建决策专家之间的社会网络关系;然后,建立少数意见的识别和风险测度机制,并定义了两个风险系数:信任风险系数和偏好风险系数,通过少数意见聚集的信任风险系数调节少数意见聚集的权重,通过偏好风险系数调节群体共识,以得到共识水平较高的大群体决策方案;最后,通过“7.1”宁乡洪灾案例分析,验证了所提方法的可行性和有效性。  相似文献   
130.
基于Z-Tree实验平台利用研发投资自然博弈实验研究发现风险规避导致女性的研发投入强度低于男性,但女性在研发投资过程中愿意投入的研发努力程度高于男性。随着时间推移,男性的研发努力程度明显下降,但女性的研发努力程度反而上升。男性和女性在决策中均表现出心理账户效应,女性更加愿意通过努力来提高业绩。男性在投资中更多体现期权思想,而女性更多表现出长期倾向下的持续努力。文章在揭示性别因素影响研发投资机理基础上,为董事会性别多样性、分级董事会以及递延薪酬等治理机制发挥作用机理提供了新解释。研究结论可以为企业职位的性别配置、分级董事会以及激励契约设计提供借鉴。  相似文献   
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