Strong and Superhydrophobic Wood with Aligned Cellulose Nanofibers as a Waterproof Structural Material†

Lightweight structural materials are important for the energy efficiency of applications, particularly those in the building sector. Here, inspired by nature, we developed a strong, superhydrophobic, yet lightweight material by simple in situ growth of nano‐SiO₂ and subsequent densification of the wood substrate. In situ generation of SiO₂ nanoparticles both inside the wood channels and on the wood surfaces gives the material superhydrophobicity, with static and dynamic contact angles of 159.4^o and 3^o, respectively. Densification of the wood to remove most of the spaces among the lumen and cell walls results in a laminated, dense structure, with aligned cellulose nanofibers, which in turn contributes to a high mechanical strength up to 384.2 MPa (7‐times higher than natural wood). Such treatment enables the strong and superhydrophobic wood (SH‐Wood) to be stable and have excellent water, acid, and alkaline resistance. The high mechanical strength of SH‐Wood combined with its excellent structural stability in harsh environments, as well its low density, positions the strong and superhydrophobic wood as a promising candidate for strong, lightweight, and durable structural materials that could potentially replace steel.     

糠醛氧化合成糠酸

糠酸作为糠醛的重要下游产品,在食品制造、材料制备、光学技术、药物合成中具有重要的应用,可用于合成防腐剂、增塑剂、热固性树脂、香料以及多种药物。目前,关于糠醛的制备以及催化氢化制备下游产物的综述报道相对较多,但是还没有系统地整理评述糠醛氧化合成糠酸的相关工作。本文综述了近年来以糠醛为主要原料制备糠酸的研究进展情况,讨论了不同催化体系及在不同氧源存在下对糠酸选择性的影响,重点突出了非均相催化剂在糠酸的工业化制备中的应用前景,对糠酸制备的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System and a Multilayer Perceptron Model Trained with Grey Wolf Optimizer for Predicting Solar Diffuse Fraction

The accurate prediction of the solar diffuse fraction (DF), sometimes called the diffuse ratio, is an important topic for solar energy research. In the present study, the current state of Diffuse irradiance research is discussed and then three robust, machine learning (ML) models are examined using a large dataset (almost eight years) of hourly readings from Almeria, Spain. The ML models used herein, are a hybrid adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), a single multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and a hybrid multi-layer perceptron grey wolf optimizer (MLP-GWO). These models were evaluated for their predictive precision, using various solar and DF irradiance data, from Spain. The results were then evaluated using frequently used evaluation criteria, the mean absolute error (MAE), mean error (ME) and the root mean square error (RMSE). The results showed that the MLP-GWO model, followed by the ANFIS model, provided a higher performance in both the training and the testing procedures.     

新工科背景下大型仪器培训体系的创新与实践——以扫描电镜为例

针对传统大型仪器培训体系存在的定位不准、内容不足、方案陈旧等局限性,结合“新工科”人才培养理念,围绕开放共享、科研导向、育人为本、安全高效的大型仪器培训方针,充分挖掘大型仪器设备的资源价值,释放科技资源潜力,初步建立了以扫描电镜为主体的远程培训、实体培训、应用培训、动态监管“四位一体”的新型大型仪器培训体系,形成了一个闭环的、高效的大型仪器培训管理模式,具有一定的推广和借鉴价值。     

我国锂资源及其开发技术进展

介绍了我国盐湖锂资源的现状及其开发技术的进展情况,讨论了各种提锂工艺的优缺点,并对现阶段我国盐湖锂资源的开发提出了建议。     

盐湖资源开发利用进展

本世纪头十年里,国际上再度掀起盐湖资源开发热潮。这很大程度上是由于锂的开发热带动的,同时也是和钾肥的广泛施用、价格一路走高有关。南美安第斯高原地区盐湖蕴藏世界70%以上的锂资源,且卤水锂、钾、硼浓度高。该地区极度干旱,少雨多风,非常适合采用卤水盐田蒸发的节能浓缩工艺技术。老的盐湖开发企业则在钾肥需求的带动下,稳步发展。在我国,新疆罗布泊和青海柴达木盆地盐湖则钾锂镁硼产品多元化,经营多元化取得长足进步。本文对近十年来,国内外盐湖开发的新动向做了概括介绍,特别着重于南美"锂三角"地区这一新的生长点。     

Dicarboxylic acid promoted immortal copolymerization for controllable synthesis of low‐molecular weight oligo(carbonate‐ether) diols with tunable carbonate unit content

Low‐molecular weight oligo(carbonate‐ether) diols are important raw materials for polyurethane formation, which with tunable carbonate unit content (CU) may endow new thermal and mechanical performances to polyurethane. Herein, facile synthesis of oligo(carbonate‐ether) diols with number average molecular weight (M_n) below 2000 g mol^?1 and CU tunable between 40% and 75% are realized in high activity by immortal copolymerization of CO₂/propylene oxide (PO) using zinc‐cobalt double metal cyanide complex (Zn‐Co‐DMCC) in the presence of sebacic acid (SA). M_n of the oligomer is in good linear relationship to the mole ratio of PO and SA (PO/SA) and hence can be precisely controlled by adjusting PO/SA. Besides, the molecular weight distribution is quite narrow due to the rapid reversible chain transfer in the immortal copolymerization. High pressure and low temperature are favorable for raising CU. In all the reactions, the weight fraction of propylene carbonate (W_PC) can even be controlled as low as 2.0 wt %, and the catalytic activity of Zn‐Co‐DMCC is above 1.0 kgg^?1 cat. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012     

Waterborne polyesters partially based on renewable resources

A new experimental approach for preparing biobased, water‐soluble polyesters (PEs) via titanium(IV) n‐butoxide‐catalyzed bulk polycondensation is presented. In the described method polymers were obtained from isosorbide, maleic anhydride and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The chemical structure of the synthesized PEs was confirmed using 2D NMR spectroscopy and by titration methods. Careful analysis of 2D NMR spectra viz. correlation spectra (COSY), heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectra (HSQC) and heteronuclear multiple‐bond correlation spectra (HMBC) allowed to accomplish the complete proton assignment of isosorbide, PEG, and unsaturated acid residues in the PEs. Moreover, by using NMR spectroscopy the transformation of maleic anhydride into fumaric acid ester and the absence of maleic acid ester units in the final polymer were proven. However, during polycondensation part of the unsaturated bonds has reacted in a Michael addition with isosorbide or PEG. Gel permeation chromatography measurements revealed that the unsaturated PEs have M_n values in the range 3000–5000 g/mol. These PEs, with a low content of carboxylic acid end groups, exhibited sufficient thermal resistance for practical applications, for example, as free radical curable coatings. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010     

Security of decoy states QKD with finite resources against collective attacks

The number of transmitted signals in practical quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol is always finite. We discuss the security of decoy states QKD protocol with finite resources by considering the statistical fluctuation for the yield and error rate of the quantum state in different sources of pulses (signal sources and decoy sources). The number of exchanged quantum signals vs positive key generation rate is given with experiment results.