Characterization of regenerated starch from 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ionic liquid with different anti‐solvents

A comparison study of the structures and properties of starches regenerated from 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([Emim][OAc]) using different anti‐solvents (water, ethanol, or both water and ethanol) was conducted. The starch regenerated with water presented a V‐type crystalline structure whereas the one regenerated in ethanol displayed amorphous structure. Moreover, when an ethanol–water–ethanol method was used for regeneration, the product showed a weak V‐type crystalline structure. SAXS and FTIR were also used to investigate the molecular order of native and regenerated starches. With water used for regeneration, the aggregation and rearrangement of starch molecules occurred more easily. The increased enzyme resistance and thermal stability of regenerated starch with water could be ascribed to the rearrangement of molecular chains forming an aggregated structure with some degree of order. The reconstitution of starch molecules during regeneration with different anti‐solvents changed the multiscale structures and properties of the starch. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018 , 56, 1231–1238     

Ag/Ag_3PO_4/g-C_3N_4复合光催化剂的合成与再生及其可见光下的光催化性能(英文)

研究了用离子交换沉淀法制备的Ag/Ag3PO4/g-C3N4的可见光光催化性能及再生方法.通过X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FESEM)、紫外-可见(UV-Vis)吸收光谱及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其进行了结构特性分析.XRD结果显示再生后催化剂的结构未发生改变.FESEM及UV-Vis分析结果说明催化剂由Ag3PO4与g-C3N4复合而成.XPS分析结果表明催化剂表面出现少量的银单质.利用可见光(λ420nm)照射下的苯酚降解实验评价了样品的光催化活性,并通过活性物种及能带结构的分析对催化剂的光催化机理进行了推测.研究表明,Ag/Ag3PO4/g-C3N4的光催化活性明显高于纯Ag3PO4及纯g-C3N4,主要原因归结为单质银、Ag3PO4及g-C3N4的协同效应.经过氧化氢和磷酸氢铵钠(NaNH4HPO4)的再生可完全恢复催化剂的活性,这表明该绿色环保的再生方法可实现Ag/Ag3PO4/g-C3N4催化剂在环境中的实际应用.     

激淋降膜蒸发多效紧凑式海水淡化装置的研究

基于降膜蒸发与降膜凝结机理,设计建造了一台具有三效回热性能的紧凑式小型海水淡化装置,用电加热水箱模拟热源对该装置进行了实验测试.实验结果表明,由于在本蒸馏系统中采用了多项降膜蒸发及降膜凝结技术,使其中大部分的蒸汽潜热及部分盐水的显热得到了多次重复利用,因而装置有较高的产水率.在供热水温度为75℃、系统内部压力为15kPa时,产水率达到110kg/h。对影响产水率的主要因素作了探索与分析,给出了合理的取值范围.     

Fabrication and Characterization of an Electro-Compacted Collagen/Elastin/Hyaluronic Acid Sheet as a Potential Skin Scaffold

The development of biomimetic structures with integrated extracellular matrix (ECM) components represents a promising approach to biomaterial fabrication. Here, an artificial ECM, comprising the structural protein collagen I and elastin (ELN), as well as the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan (HA), is reported. Specifically, collagen and ELN are electrochemically aligned to mimic the compositional characteristics of the dermal matrix. HA is incorporated into the electro-compacted collagen-ELN matrices via adsorption and chemical immobilization, to give a final composition of collagen/ELN/HA of 7:2:1. This produces a final collagen/ELN/hyaluronic acid scaffold (CEH) that recapitulates the compositional feature of the native skin ECM. This study analyzes the effect of CEH composition on the cultivation of human dermal fibroblast cells (HDFs) and immortalized human keratinocytes (HaCaTs). It is shown that the CEH scaffold supports dermal regeneration by promoting HDFs proliferation, ECM deposition, and differentiation into myofibroblasts. The CEH scaffolds are also shown to support epidermis growth by supporting HaCaTs proliferation, differentiation, and stratification. A double-layered epidermal-dermal structure is constructed on the CEH scaffold, further demonstrating its ability in supporting skin cell function and skin regeneration.     

Co-immobilized Phosphorylated Cofactors and Enzymes as Self-Sufficient Heterogeneous Biocatalysts for Chemical Processes

Enzyme cofactors play a major role in biocatalysis, as many enzymes require them to catalyze highly valuable reactions in organic synthesis. However, the cofactor recycling is often a hurdle to implement enzymes at the industrial level. The fabrication of heterogeneous biocatalysts co-immobilizing phosphorylated cofactors (PLP, FAD⁺, and NAD⁺) and enzymes onto the same solid material is reported to perform chemical reactions without exogeneous addition of cofactors in aqueous media. In these self-sufficient heterogeneous biocatalysts, the immobilized enzymes are catalytically active and the immobilized cofactors catalytically available and retained into the solid phase for several reaction cycles. Finally, we have applied a NAD⁺-dependent heterogeneous biocatalyst to continuous flow asymmetric reduction of prochiral ketones, thus demonstrating the robustness of this approach for large scale biotransformations.     

Microanalysis of hybrid characterization of PLA/cHA polymer scaffolds for bone regeneration

Tissue engineering uses some engineering strategies for the reconstruction and repair of the compromised tissues, among which the use of biomaterials as an alternative to conventional transplants is significant. However, not many research has been developed on the use of biopolymer nanostructure microanalysis and calcium phosphate composites of carbon apatite in PLA as scaffolds for tissue regeneration. In this work, poly (lactic acid) filaments with 5% and 20%, carbon apatite (cHA) were microanalysis to produce a 3D printing scaffold. The scaffolds were characterised by the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) techniques, thereby making it possible to notice a good load dispersion. The microstructural analysis of the scaffolds was carried out by computerised micro-tomography to determine the roughness, morphological parameters of pore size distribution, porosity, as well as better visualisation of the distribution of particles. A computational in vitro and microanalysis tests to assess the biocompatibility viability of the PLA/cHA structure with a variation of scaffold geometry to evaluate their effects on morphological, physicochemical and mechanical properties were also carried out. The characterisation of Ca and P release assays were observed for longer incubation times and the dynamic condition control to simulate the stresses suffered by the biomaterial exerted by the flow of fluids was achieved. The results obtained indicated that the micrographs of the cross-sections of the scaffolds showed a flatness in the loaded material when compared to the 100/0 PLA. Furthermore, the apparent porosity of 5% and 20% of cHA scaffolds gave a porosity percentage of approximately 62% and 41% respectively. The reduced summit height, reduced valley depth and the percentage upper and lower bearing area difference of the samples are 16.33 nm, 9.62 nm and 75.07% respectively. The morphological characterisation surface roughness analysis and tolerance insertion gave a favourable reduced porosity result for the composite scaffolds with 5% of cHA. Hence, this work will assist biomaterial industries in the development of biomaterials which have been engineered with biological systems to meet medical purposes.     

基于光纤光参量放大的异步双波长全光再生技术研究

本文提出了一种新型的多波长全光再生方案,利用相位时钟光纤光参量放大,并采用相邻信道偏振正交的方法,实现对由异步信源产生的双波长信号全光再生.理论分析了参量放大中的增益饱和现象用于幅度噪声抑制,以及利用相位时钟及后续色散实现对信号定时的机理.在这个基础上,对两个独立信源产生的异步双波长10Gbit/s信号进行再生实验,实验表明该方案有效的抑制了基于多波长3R再生系统中信道间的四波混频与交叉相位调制等非线性干扰.系统在单波长和双波长情况下分别将两路信号信噪比改善了至少6.5dB与4.5dB.误码率测试结果说明,与背对背测试结果相比,无论是在单波长还是双波长条件下,两路波长的信号经过再生后都实现了约2dB的接收机功率代价的改善.     

Selection and microencapsulation of an “NADH-oxidizing” bacterium and its use for NAD regeneration

An alternative approach to the regeneration of coenzymes is described here using immobilized microorganisms possessing “NADH-oxidase” function. Bacteria containing NADH-oxidase activity are immobilized by microencapsulation within artificial cells. In this form, the microencapsulated bacteria can recycle NADH back to NAD in the presence of molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor. The only byproduct of the recycling reaction is water. In order to perform the biological regeneration of NAD, the activity of NADH-oxidase was investigated in 13 strains of aerobic bacteria and yeast. The NADH-oxidizing bacteriaLeuconostoc mesenteroides exhibited the highest activity among the microorganisms tested. The permeabilized bacteria showed 10% of their initial activity after microencapsulation. Light and electron microscopy studies of bacteria loaded microcapsules have been done. Enzymatic properties of microcapsule-immobilized bacteria were investigated in comparison with those of the free enzyme complex.Leuconostoc mesenteroides, containing NADH-oxidase, has been microencapsulated together with 3α-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3α-HSDH) for stereospecific steroid oxidation. In a batch reactor, 2 mg of NAD, with recycling, allowed the same substrate consumption as 4.4 mg of NAD without recycling. The microencapsulated system can be used repeatedly. The system is functional for 10 h, during which time each molecule of NAD has been used 7.6 times.     

Design and fabrication of poly (glycerol sebacate)‐based fibers for neural tissue engineering: Synthesis,electrospinning, and characterization

Poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) is a thermoset biodegradable elastomer considered as a promising candidate material for nerve applications. However, PGS synthesis is very time and energy consuming. In this study, the PGS pre‐polymer (pPGS) was synthesized using three synthesis times of 3, 5, and 7 hours at 170°C. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry thermogram were utilized to study the pPGS behavior. Poly (vinyl alcohol) was used as a carrier to fabricate aligned poly (vinyl alcohol)‐poly (glycerol sebacate) (PVA‐PGS) fibers with various ratios (60:40, 50:50, and 40:60) using electrospinning and crosslinked through the thermal crosslinking method. Morphology of the fibers was studied before and after crosslinking using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR, mechanical properties in the dry and wet state, water contact angle, in vitro degradation, and water uptake behavior of crosslinked scaffolds were also investigated. 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, SEM analysis, and 4′, 6‐diamidino‐2‐phenylindole (DAPI) staining were utilized to determine the biocompatibility of scaffolds. The results show the synthesized pPGS in 3 hours at 170°C is the optimized sample in the terms of chemical reaction. All scaffolds have bead‐free and a uniform fiber diameter. The Young's modulus of crosslinked PVA‐PGS (50:50 and 40:60) fibers is shown to be in the expected range for nerve applications. The cell culture studies reveal PVA‐PGS (50:50 and 40:60) fibers could lead to better cell adhesion and proliferation. The results suggest that PVA‐PGS (50:50 and 40:60) is a suitable and promising biodegradable material in the fabrication of scaffolds for nerve regeneration.