Double‐Wall Carbon Nanotube–Porphyrin Supramolecular Hybrid: Synthesis and Photophysical Studies

Double‐wall carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs) with pyridyl units covalently attached to the external wall through isoxazolino linkers and carboxylic groups that have been esterified by pentyl chains are synthesized. The properties of these modified DWCNTs are then compared with an analogous sample based on single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs). Raman spectroscopy shows the presence of characteristic radial breathing mode vibrations, confirming that the samples partly retain the integrity of the nanotubes in the case of DWCNTs, including the internal and external nanotubes. Quantification of the pyridyl content for both samples (DWCNT and SWCNT derivatives) is based on X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and thermogravimetric profiles, showing very similar substituent load. Both pyridyl‐containing nanotubes (DWCNTs and SWCNTs) form a complex with zinc porphyrin (ZnP), as evidenced by the presence of two isosbestic points in the absorption spectra of the porphyrin upon addition of the pyridyl‐functionalized nanotubes. Supramolecular complexes based on pyridyl‐substituted DWCNTs and SWCNTs quench the emission and the triplet excited state identically, through an energy‐transfer mechanism based on pre‐assembly of the ground state. Thus, the presence of the intact inner wall in DWCNTs does not influence the quenching behavior, with respect to SWCNTs, for energy‐transfer quenching with excited ZnP. These results sharply contrast with previous ones referring to electron‐transfer quenching, in which the double‐wall morphology of the nanotubes has been shown to considerably reduce the lifetime of charge separation, owing to faster electron mobility in DWCNTs compared to SWCNTs.     

Ab Initio Study on the Stability of NgnBe2N2, NgnBe3N2 and NgBeSiN2 Clusters

The global minima of Be₂N₂, Be₃N₂ and BeSiN₂ clusters are identified using a modified stochastic kick methodology. The structure, stability and bonding nature of these clusters bound to noble gas (Ng) atoms are studied at the MP2/def2‐QZVPPD level of theory. Positive Be?Ng bond dissociation energy, which gradually increases down Group 18 from He to Rn, indicates the bound nature of Ng atoms. All of the Ng‐binding processes are exothermic in nature. The Xe and Rn binding to Be₂N₂ and Be₃N₂ clusters and Ar?Rn binding to BeSiN₂ are exergonic processes at room temperature; however, for the lighter Ng atoms, lower temperatures are needed. Natural population analysis, Wiberg bond index computations, electron density analysis, and energy decomposition analysis are performed to better understand the nature of Be?Ng bonds.     

The effects of ultrasound frequency and power on the activation energy in Si-KOH reaction system

The activation energy is the minimum amount of energy required to initiate a reaction. It is one of the important indexes for appraising a reaction. The chemical reaction rate is closely related to the value of activation energy, and reducing activation energy is propitious to promoting a chemical reaction. In the present paper, the relationship between the activation energy in Si-KOH reaction system and the ultrasound frequency and power has been discussed for the first time. The range of ultrasound frequency and power is 40-100kHz （interval by 20kHz） and 10-50W （interval by 10W）, respectively. The experimental clata indicate that the activation energy decreases with the increasing ultrasound power. Comparing with the activation energy without ultrasound irradiation, the results in our paper indicate that ultrasound irradiation could reduce the activation energy in Si-KOH reaction system and increase the reaction rate.     

X-Ray Crystallography and Free Energy Calculations Reveal the Binding Mechanism of A2A Adenosine Receptor Antagonists

We present a robust protocol based on iterations of free energy perturbation (FEP) calculations, chemical synthesis, biophysical mapping and X-ray crystallography to reveal the binding mode of an antagonist series to the A_2A adenosine receptor (AR). Eight A_2AAR binding site mutations from biophysical mapping experiments were initially analyzed with sidechain FEP simulations, performed on alternate binding modes. The results distinctively supported one binding mode, which was subsequently used to design new chromone derivatives. Their affinities for the A_2AAR were experimentally determined and investigated through a cycle of ligand-FEP calculations, validating the binding orientation of the different chemical substituents proposed. Subsequent X-ray crystallography of the A_2AAR with a low and a high affinity chromone derivative confirmed the predicted binding orientation. The new molecules and structures here reported were driven by free energy calculations, and provide new insights on antagonist binding to the A_2AAR, an emerging target in immuno-oncology.     

Dysprosiacarboranes as Organometallic Single-Molecule Magnets

The dicarbollide ion, nido-C₂B₉H₁₁²⁻ is isoelectronic with cyclopentadienyl. Herein, we make dysprosiacarboranes, namely [(C₂B₉H₁₁)₂Ln(THF)₂][Na(THF)₅] (Ln=Dy, 1Dy ) and [(THF)₃(μ-H)₃Li]₂[{η⁵-C₆H₄(CH₂)₂C₂B₉H₉}Dy{η²:η⁵-C₆H₄(CH₂)₂C₂B₉H₉}₂Li] 3Dy and show that dicarbollide ligands impose strong magnetic axiality on the central Dy^III ion. The effective energy barrier (U_eff) for the loss of magnetization can be varied by the substitution pattern on the dicarbollide. This finding is demonstrated by comparing complexes of nido-C₂B₉H₁₁²⁻ and nido-[o-xylylene-C₂B₉H₉]²⁻, which show a U_eff of 430(5) K and 804(7) K, respectively. The blocking temperature defined by the open hysteresis temperature of 3Dy reaches 6.8 K. Moreover, the linear complex [Dy(C₂B₉H₁₁)₂]⁻ is predicted to have comparable properties with the linear [Dy(Cp^Me3)₂]⁺ complex. As such, carboranyl ligands and their derivatives may provide a new type of organometallic ligand for high-performance single-molecule magnets.     

Incorporating Rare-Earth Terbium(III) Ions into Cs2AgInCl6:Bi Nanocrystals toward Tunable Photoluminescence

The incorporation of impurity ions or doping is a promising method for controlling the electronic and optical properties and the structural stability of halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs). Herein, we establish relationships between rare-earth ions doping and intrinsic emission of lead-free double perovskite Cs₂AgInCl₆ NCs to impart and tune the optical performances in the visible light region. Tb³⁺ ions were incorporated into Cs₂AgInCl₆ NCs and occupied In³⁺ sites as verified by both crystallographic analyses and first-principles calculations. Trace amounts of Bi doping endowed the characteristic emission (⁵D₄→⁷F_6-3) of Tb³⁺ ions with a new excitation peak at 368 nm rather than the single characteristic excitation at 290 nm of Tb³⁺. By controlling Tb³⁺ ions concentration, the emission colors of Bi-doped Cs₂Ag(In_1−xTb_x)Cl₆ NCs could be continuously tuned from green to orange, through the efficient energy-transfer channel from self-trapped excitons to Tb³⁺ ions. Our study provides the salient features of the material design of lead-free perovskite NCs and to expand their luminescence applications.     

Diversified Excited-State Relaxation Pathways of Donor–Linker–Acceptor Dyads Controlled by a Bent-to-Planar Motion of the Donor

Herein, we introduce the cyclic 8π-electron (C8π) molecule N,N′-diaryl-dihydrodibenzo[a,c]phenazine ( DPAC ) as a dual-functional donor to establish a series of new donor–linker–acceptor (D–L–A) dyads DLA1 – DLA5 . The excited-state bent-to-planar dynamics of DPAC regulate the energy gap of the donor, while the acceptors A1 – A5 are endowed with different energy gaps and HOMO/LUMO levels. As a result, the rate and efficiency of the excited-state electron transfer vs. energy transfer can be finely harnessed, which is verified via steady-state spectroscopy and time-resolved emission measurements. This comprehensive approach demonstrates, for the first time, the manifold of excited-state properties governed by bifunctional donor-based D–L–A dyads, including bent-to-planar, photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from excited donor to acceptor (oxidative-PET), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), bent-to-planar followed by electron transfer (PFET), and PET from donor to excited acceptor (reductive-PET).     

Tailoring A Poly(ether sulfone) Bipolar Membrane: Osmotic-Energy Generator with High Power Density

Osmotic energy, obtained through different concentrations of salt solutions, is recognized as a form of a sustainable energy source. In the past years, membranes derived from asymmetric aromatic compounds have attracted attention because of their low cost and high performance in osmotic energy conversion. The membrane formation process, charging state, functional groups, membrane thickness, and the ion-exchange capacity of the membrane could affect the power generation performance. Among asymmetric membranes, a bipolar membrane could largely promote the ion transport. Here, two polymers with the same poly(ether sulfone) main chain but opposite charges were synthesized to prepare bipolar membranes by a nonsolvent-induced phase separation (NIPS) and spin-coating (SC) method. The maximum power density of the bipolar membrane reaches about 6.2 W m⁻² under a 50-fold salinity gradient, and this result can serve as a reference for the design of bipolar membranes for osmotic energy conversion systems.     

Design Strategies for High-Performance Aqueous Zn/Organic Batteries

Organic electroactive compounds are attractive to serve as the cathode materials of aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) because of their resource renewability, environmentally friendliness and structural diversity. Up to now, various organic electrode materials have been developed and different redox mechanisms are observed in aqueous Zn/organic battery systems. In this Minireview, we present the recent developments in the energy storage mechanisms and design of the organic electrode materials of aqueous ZIBs, including carbonyl compounds, imine compounds, conductive polymers, nitronyl nitroxides, organosulfur polymers and triphenylamine derivatives. Furthermore, we highlight the design strategies to improve their electrochemical performance in the aspects of specific capacity, output voltage, cycle life and rate capability. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future perspectives of aqueous Zn/organic batteries.