Evaluating departures from fair representation

Computer–intensive estimates are introduced to evaluate departures from proportionality between the numbers of electors in a partition of a voting population and the numbers of representatives in the corresponding partition of the elected representation. At the first stage a pair of indices is proposed, one to evaluate the total strength of the departures and the other to indicate to what extent they are due to over–representation increasing (or decreasing) with the number of electors in a group. The properties of the indices are examined in suitably defined stochastic models which describe this type of over–representation. Since the values of the indices are strongly influenced by the distribution of electors in the given partition, a second stage of estimation is performed in order to get some [partition–free] information on the existence of a monotone size representation, and, if it exists, on its strength. The relevant transformation is based on intensive computer simulation in the introduced models. The methods proposed are applied to the results of the 1991 election of the Polish Scientific Research Council, which distributes funds among universities, scientific institutions and individual groups of researchers.     

单晶应力的X射线测量方法

本文介绍了X射线测量单晶应力的原理和方法,测量了Si单晶的应力,比较了双晶摇摆和三轴晶ω～2θ扫描对结果的影响,考察了计算过程中数据组个数,无应力布拉格角θ_0对应力测量的影响.结果表明,采用三轴晶ω～2θ扫描比双晶摇摆更准确,多重线性回归方法对θ_0依赖性很小,但测量数据组个数不应低于6.     

统计方法在提高密度泛函理论准确性的研究进展

介绍了神经网络方法、线性回归分析方法和支持向量机模型的原理及其对密度泛函理论计算结果修正的研究进展.这3种统计方法在改进密度泛函理论计算结果准确性方面均有着很大的作用.最后讨论了3种方法亟待解决的问题并对其发展进行了展望.     

Spatial regression analysis between air pollution and childhood leukaemia in Portugal

This study aims to investigate whether known carcinogenic chemical elements in atmospheric deposition might be associated with child mortality due to leukemia in the Portuguese population. A Bayesian hierarchical model was used to explore the association between lichen biomonitoring measurements of four elements—As, Hg, Ni, Pb—and childhood leukemia death counts taken at small administrative units. This geographical epidemiological study found a non-significant positive association between the risk of childhood leukemia and levels of arsenic, mercury and lead, and a non-significant negative association between the disease and the level of nickel. Lead seems to show a weaker association with childhood leukemia than arsenic and mercury.     

Regression analysis of electrocapillary curves of mercury electrode in solutions of secondary butyl alcohol

A regression technique is used for analyzing electrocapillary curves (ECC) in secondary butanol solutions, which were published earlier. It was shown that, in contrast to similar analysis of electrocapillary curves for a number of other compounds, if we want to describe the adsorption of 2-BuOH within the framework of the model of two parallel capacitors, the linear dependence of the parameter of intermolecular interaction on the electrode potential should be taken into account. This result stems from the very high accuracy of interface tension measurements in the system under study. It is found that, in terms of the Frumkin isotherm and the model of two parallel capacitors, the interpretation of data on the adsorption of 2-BuOH has a much simpler physical meaning as compared with the strictly thermodynamic approach used earlier.     

Use of covariates in randomized response settings

First, a method is presented for the study of the conditional prevalence rate of a sensitive attribute, as a function of covariates. Then this method is also applied to estimation of the unconditional prevalence rate. It is demonstrated that this permits recovery of some of the usual loss in accuracy due to randomization.     

半相依回归系统中系数的协方差改进估计与GM估计的等价性

从矩阵的Ｋｒｏｎｅｃｋｅｒ乘积和拉直理论出发，讨论了相依回归系统中协方差改进估计，给出了协方差改进估计和ＧＭ估计的一个等价条件。     

变热导率的测量方法

1前言热导率是材料的重要热物理性质，因此，其测量就成为传热学的一个重要的研究方向，测量方法也在不断发展[1-4]。很多物质的热导率与温度有关。Ecker[5]分析了温度对物质热导率的影响，指出一些物质的热导率与温度呈线性关系，而另外一些物质则随温度的变化呈现复杂的关系。杨世铭[6]则以图的形式表示了类似的关系。使用稳态法测量物质的热导率时，得到的是在所测温度范围内的平均热导率[7]。对于热导率小的物质（如污垢层和保温材料），可能两侧的温差很大，因此，所得的热导率是在很大的温度范围的平均值。而平均热导率常常并不能满…     

Multiple nonlinear regressions derived with choice of free parameters

The common procedure of nonlinear approximation using linear multiple regressions developed in logarithmic space suffers from a number of inherent defects. Nonlinear approximation with choice of free parameters allows us to derive multiple regressions of varied structure, consisting of several members and an intercept. The calculations required for the proposed approximation are simple and can be implemented using standard statistical subprograms. More than 50 equations of the proposed type have been fitted for various purposes. The coefficient of determination is generally higher than 0.90. The application of the proposed method is demonstrated with two numerical examples and a number of equations derived for practical application in hydrology, geomorphology and water pollution studies. The proposed method can be used in any area of study where nonlinear multiple approximations are applicable.