A Study on Pre-Oxidation of Petroleum Pitch-Based Activated Carbons for Electric Double-Layer Capacitors

Electric double-layer capacitors (EDLCs) are an excellent electrochemical energy storage system (ESS) because of their superior power density, faster charge–discharge ability, and longer cycle life compared to those of other EES systems. Activated carbons (ACs) have been mainly used as the electrode materials for EDLCs because of their high specific surface area, superior chemical stability, and low cost. Petroleum pitch (PP) is a graphitizable carbon that is a promising precursor for ACs because of its high carbon content, which is obtained as an abundant by-product during the distillation of petroleum. However, the processibility of PP is poor because of its stable structure. In this study, pre-oxidized PP-derived AC (OPP-AC) was prepared to investigate the effects of pre-oxidation on the electrochemical behaviors of PP. The specific surface area and pore size distribution of OPP-AC were lower and narrower, respectively, compared to the textural properties of untreated PP-derived AC (PP-AC). On the other hand, the specific capacitance of OPP-AC was 25% higher than that of PP-AC. These results revealed that pre-oxidation of PP induces a highly developed micropore structure of ACs, resulting in improved electrochemical performance.     

氨用制冷系统蒸发式冷凝器的能耗研究

从理论上对蒸发式和水冷式冷凝器能耗进行对比;针对不同品牌的大、中、小型蒸发式冷凝器,采用能耗系数(￠)其进行能耗研究;分别对同一制冷系统中的两种冷凝器进行实例计算.结果表明:无论能耗还是初投资,蒸发式冷凝器均优于水冷式冷凝器,采用蒸发式冷凝器更加节能.     

Fuel consumption for interplanetary missions of solar sailing

The orbits of solar sails can be changed by adjusting the sail’s attitude through external control torques.The resulting momentum will be changed,either provided by a typical attitude control subsystem or by a propellantless device.This paper investigates the extra momentum input and fuel consumption for a typical attitude control subsystem.The minimum-time transfer trajectories are designed for two rendezvous missions using both indirect and direct methods,generating continuous and discrete attitude histories,respectively.The results show that the momentum variation is almost wholly due to the solar radiation pressure.The feasibility of using tip-mounted microthrusters for attitude control is evaluated.The results show that less than0.1 kg of propellant are required for an interplanetary transfer mission when pulsed plasma thrusters with a specific impulse of700 s and a thrust of 150 mN are mounted at the tip of a 20 m square solar sail.The fuel consumptions of two transfer missions indicate that a tip-mounted pulsed plasma thruster is a viable technique for the attitude control of a solar sail.     

基于随机双曲折现的投资消费及效用无差别定价

在随机双曲折现条件下,显式地给出了具有指数函数(CARA)效用的最优跨期消费与投资组合;在非完备市场下,显式给出了基于CARA效用的收益流的效用无差别价格.结果表明:最优投资比例以及收益流的价值不受随机双曲折现因子的影响;在低折扣阶段,本文的最优消费水平高于Merton模型下的对应值,低折扣时期越短或高低折扣值相差越大,消费差距越明显.     

长沙市居民娱乐消费与收入关系的数学模型及分析

运用调查统计、回归建模和数学分析等方法,研究了长沙居民收入与娱乐消费之间的定量关系,其中包括1区别于统计局发布的对长沙市居民消费分类,通过社会采访调查的方法分性别、年龄、收入差异等3个维度更准确地测算长沙市城镇居民娱乐消费的消费额.2基于调查数据,分别构建了不同年龄段、不同性别的居民娱乐消费与其收入之间的回归模型.3通过分析回归模型的性质,揭示了长沙市城镇居民娱乐消费的规律性.研究结果对政府部门的决策优化具有重要的启示作用.     

地源热泵全寿命周期节能减排技术经济模型及应用

地源热泵是一种可再生清洁能源供暖技术,本文旨在综合分析其对于节能环保以及居民技术经济方面产生的影响,强调热泵技术的适用性,鼓励将该设备作为取代冬季居民锅炉取暖的技术之一。以北京市居民住宅投资使用地源热泵为背景,与锅炉取暖进行对比,构建地源热泵全寿命周期内的节能减排、技术经济效益模型,通过实际算例进行计算,分析二者之间的节能减排差异效果,综合考虑用户的技术经济效果。采用敏感性分析法,确定影响居民住宅地源热泵全寿命周期环境和技术经济效果的敏感性因素及其影响程度。最后提出推广热泵的合理化措施,并就北京地区地源热泵的推广效果进行了预测,分析其对北京“十二五”节能环保规划的贡献程度。     

Analytical Intercomparison Exercises and Harmonization within Environmental Laboratories from Developing Countries

Abstract

Since the early 60's, the IAEA implements a Quality Assurance (QA) programme for the Member States. As part of this programme, the IAEA organized more than 150 analytical intercomparison exercises and produced more than 70 Certified Reference Materials for a wide range of determinands, encompassing radionuclides, trace elements, petroleum hydrocarbons, pesticides and PCBs. From the IAEA — Marine Environment Laboratory in Monaco, analytical Quality Assurance services are provided for non-nuclear contaminants in marine materials.

Results of recently organized worldwide intercomparison exercises using the sample materials IAEA-142 (mussel tissue homogenate) and IAEA-140 (seaweed homogenate), show that some progress was achieved worldwide in the analyses of the more common environmental contaminants. However, results also show that difficulties in obtaining accurate data for trace elements and especially for organic contaminants are still widespread, particularly in developing countries. Therefore, the success of international cooperative programmes as well as of many regional environmental monitoring programmes, depends on improved quality and comparability of data which has to be achieved still through reinforced Quality Assurance programmes. To this aim, the IAEA/UNEP/IOC-UNESCO inter-agency programme on marine pollution promotes the adoption of Reference Methods for harmonization of techniques used in developing and developed countries, organizes frequent intercomparison exercises, and produces certified marine Reference Materials which are made available to laboratories worldwide.     

In Defense of Vapor Pressure Osmometry for Measuring Molecular Weight

The value of the average molecular weight of petroleum asphaltenes continues to be controversial. Usually the disagreement is about the measurement of a single asphaltene fraction when the need is for a consistent picture that comprises all fractions of petroleum and includes chemical changes during processing. By using one of the better solvents for carbonaceous materials, o‐dichlorobenzene, at the maximum instrument temperature, vapor pressure osmometry provides a consistent measurement of number average molecular weight not achieved by any other technique. This average molecular weight is consistent among petroleum fractions and gives predictable changes in asphaltene molecular weight with thermal processing.     

饱和烃热裂化夺氢氢转移能力研究

研究了在热反应条件下石油渣油中饱和烃夺氢氢转移能力的测定方法和结果。饱和烃受热生成的自由基可从氢化芳烃四氢萘夺取活泼氢,由此可测定不同饱和烃的夺氢能力。研究结果表明,饱和烃可剧烈裂化而具有较强的夺氢能力,且这种夺氢能力随反应条件苛刻度增大而增强,对于正构烷烃或石蜡系列,其夺氢能力随分子量增大而增强,而对于不同来源石油渣油的饱和分,其夺氢能力的差别不大。沥青质的存在可诱导饱和烃剧烈裂化,增大饱和烃的夺氢能力。     

Two precatalysts for application in propargylic CH activation

The complexes {bis[(2‐diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl] ether‐κ²P,P′}(η⁴‐norbornadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoridoborate, [Rh(C₇H₈)(C₃₆H₂₈OP₂)]BF₄, and {bis[(2‐diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl] ether‐κ²P,P′}[η⁴‐(Z,Z)‐cycloocta‐1,5‐diene]rhodium(I) tetrafluoridoborate dichloromethane monosolvate, [Rh(C₈H₁₂)(C₃₆H₂₈OP₂)]BF₄·CH₂Cl₂, are applied as precatalysts in redox‐neutral atomic‐economic propargylic CH activation [Lumbroso et al. (2013). Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 52 , 1890–1932]. In addition, the catalytically inactive pentacoordinated 18‐electron complex {bis[(2‐diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl] ether‐κ²P,P′}chlorido(η⁴‐norbornadiene)rhodium(I), [RhCl(C₇H₈)(C₃₆H₂₈OP₂)], was synthesized, which can form in the presence of chloride in the reaction system.