SPORES AND POLLEN IN CRUDE OILS AND PETROLEUM SOURCE OF TARIM BASIN

One hundred and forty-seven species of spores and pollen referred to 77 genera found in the crudeoil samples taken from four petroliferous provinces of the Tarim Basin of Xinjiang Provincehave been studied in this paper. By means of these spore and pollen fossils, the geological ages anddistribution of the petroleum source rocks of the basin are judged. Also, the principles and methodsto judge the petroleum source of a petroleum province by spore/pollen and other microfossils in crudeoils are explained.     

Application of heat conduction calorimetry to high explosives

This paper describes some thermal analysis experiments conducted on high explosive samples. These employ differential scanning calorimetry to monitor thermal effects at elevated temperatures (around 200 °C) and heat conduction calorimetry to record thermal effects at much lower temperatures (below 100 °C).The work shows that, due to the generally high thermal stability of many high explosive compositions, heat generation rates are very low, if detectable at all, at normal storage temperatures, even when using a very sensitive instrument. The sensitivity and reproducibility of this technique has been investigated in detail by Wilker et al. [S. Wilker, U. Ticmanis, G. Pantel, Detailed investigation of sensitivity and reproducibility of heat flow calorimetry, in: Proceedings of the 11th Symposium on Chemical Problems Connected with the Stability of Explosives, Sweden, 1998] and shown to be capable of recording heat generation rates of less than a microwatt. This allows continuous measurement of decomposition processes in nitrate ester based propellants at temperatures as low as 40 °C. However, the measurement of very low levels of heat generation is difficult, time consuming and therefore expensive. If the assumption is made that the life limiting process is invariably the slow decomposition of the energetic component, this will frequently lead to very long service lifetime predictions.A number of possible complications are identified. Firstly, due to its low detection threshold, a heat conduction calorimeter may detect other reactions which will not lead to failure, but which may still dominate the heat flow signal. Secondly, the true failure process may generate little energy and be overlooked. In view of these considerations, at present it seems unwise to rely on heat conduction microcalorimetry as the only tool for the assessment of the life of high explosive energetic systems.Based on examples of life terminating processes in high explosives during storage and use, it is clear that decomposition of the energetic material is not invariably the cause of system failure. It is also by no means the only reaction that may take place in, and be observed by, a heat conduction calorimeter.     

中央空调冷却水系统节能优化控制研究

根据中央空调冷水机组和冷却水系统各设备的现有功耗模型,拟合实验中采集到的有关数据,包括:系统负荷、冷水机组冷却水进水温度、冷却水泵流量和冷却塔风机运行频率,建立总功率的一般优化方程;采用BFGS变尺度优化算法算出不同条件下的能耗最小工况,并以此来控制冷却水系统设备;结果表明,该方法具有实现方便、节能效果显著的特点。     

基于GARCH模型的石油价格变动模拟

石油是一种特殊的商品,是国家重要的战略物资,世界各国都十分重视其价格变动问题,因为油价变化会影响到各国经济发展,甚至国家安全。因此,本文采用GARCH模型,通过基于Gibbs抽样的MCMC方法分析了国际市场石油价格的分布特征,对石油价格波动的异方差特性进行描述和模拟,实证分析结果说明从石油价格波动序列峰度系数和平方价格波动序列自相关函数的描述来看,基于t分布的模型模拟效果优于基于正态分布的模型,这一结论反映了石油价格波动序列的分布特性。     

A green train scheduling model and fuzzy multi-objective optimization algorithm

Train scheduling model is traditionally formulated to minimize the energy consumption for reducing the operation cost. As the European Union formulates the first carbon emission trading scheme in the world, it is necessary to extend the operation cost to include the expenses for buying/selling the carbon emission allowances. In this paper, we propose a multi-objective train scheduling model by minimizing the energy and carbon emission cost as well as the total passenger-time, and named it as green train scheduling model. For obtaining a non-dominated timetable which has equal satisfactory degree on both objectives, we apply a fuzzy multi-objective optimization algorithm to solve the model. Finally, we perform two numerical examples to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed model and solution methodology.     

全要素生产率和产业结构对能源利用影响的实证分析

本文利用能源消耗模型进行实证分析,结果表明决定能源利用效率的关键因素和长期因素是全要素生产率,全要素生产率的不断提高导致了我国经济快速发展而单位GDP能源消耗不断降低的特殊现象.产业结构对能源消耗有显著的短期影响,当第一产业比例下降或第二产业比例上升时,能源消耗增加。市场化程度、对外开放程度对能源消耗的作用体现在全要素生产率中.2000年后能源消耗重新抬头并不否定全要素生产率的作用,而是缺乏节能意识的负面影响抵消并逆转了全要素生产率的正面作用.     

关于结构分解技术中两种分解方法的比较研究

投入产出技术中的结构分解技术被广泛的应用于经济系统的各个领域,但随着不同的经济分析的需要,发现传统的结构分解方法——算术分解法在分析效率、强度等指数型指标时存在一定的分解困难。因此,本文提出了广义指数分解方法的基本概念和一般解,通过模型建立、以及我国生产能源消耗量的实证分析,对两种分解方法进行比较。研究表明,两种分解方法适用不同的指标形式,广义指数分解法在分析指数型指标时,更具优势。     

纳米ZnO的阳极消耗法制备和表征

采用阳极消耗法制备了纳米ZnO粉体,并利用XRD,TEM,XPS,UV-V is和PL测试技术对样品进行了表征.结果表明,所制样品为纤锌矿结构的纳米ZnO,颗粒呈类球形,平均粒径15 nm,具有很强的紫外吸收能力.位于531.44 eV的O1 s峰和PL谱上的绿带共同证明了氧空位存在,纳米ZnO的绿光发射带来自氧空位电子与价带空穴的辐射复合.     

能耗强度与能源结构优化对内生经济增长影响研究

本文在垂直创新模型框架下,将能耗强度和碳减排比例引入生产函数,将人们对气候变化的警惕意识引入效用函数,建立了一个动态的内生低碳经济增长模型。通过求解所建动态优化模型,找到了经济长期均衡增长的最优路径,讨论了能源强度和能源消费结构变化与经济均衡增长的相互关系,分析了各参数对经济最优增长路径的影响,比较了化石能源内部消费结构不变和逐年清洁两种情景下的经济最优增长路径的异同。长期来看,能源强度、二氧化碳减排速率与经济增长率有相互的负向线性关系,缩小反映化石能源内部消费结构的综合碳排放系数对经济增长有促进作用。非化石能源比例越高,低碳技术应用越广泛,研发成果对技术积累的贡献率越大,消费者对当前消费的偏好程度越小,人们对气候变化的警惕意识越强,则越有利于经济的低碳发展。     

一种裕量最大的高速载波比特功率分配算法

在国家电网公司Q/GDW 1379.4-2013技术规范对智能电能表载波通信单元功率消耗的限定要求下,为保障低压远程电力集抄台区本地通信链路的传输速率稳定可靠,给智能用电实时交互平台提供带宽支持,提出了一种裕量最大的高速载波比特功率分配算法。该算法以兼并窄带载波和宽带载波优势的G3-PLC技术为应用对象,使用约束注水法限定各子载波的传输比特数,根据时变的电力信道增益自适应调整比特功率分配方案,并响应通信服务质量QoS对系统误码率和目标传输速率的要求,结合信噪比门限算法对约束注水法进行界定和优化,得到了功率裕量最大化的表达式。仿真结果表明：提出的算法优于低反馈开销算法,能够适应低压电力线信道。在系统目标传输速率为200kbps时,达到了最大裕量值20,极大程度地降低了通信单元调制解调芯片实际的功率消耗。