常压微波等离子体炬装置的模拟与设计

介绍了一台低成本的常压微波等离子体炬设备,给出了该设备构造及喷嘴的设计思路,分析了各种气体的非磁化微波等离子体的击穿电场强度,数值求解了设备中矩形TE103谐振腔中的电磁场分布,应用高频电磁场模拟分析软件HFSS优化了喷嘴在波导中的具体位置,并对优化后喷嘴周围的电场分布进行了模拟。模拟结果表明：微波输入有效功率为500 W,喷嘴伸出矩形波导1 mm时,喷嘴尖端处的电场强度在1.2×106 V·m-1以上,远大于氩气的击穿电场强度,更易于等离子体炬的激发。实验结果证明了模拟结果的正确性和装置的有效性。     

射流式水冷镜结构优化设计

分析了影响射流式水冷镜形变的各种因素,利用ANSYS有限元分析软件,对各项结构参数对镜体形变的影响进行了数值模拟,探索出射流式水冷镜结构设计的一般规律,得到了镜体结构的优化设计方案。数值结果表明：在镜体直径80 mm、镜面净吸收功率100 W、光斑直径25 mm、使用硅作为镜体材料的情况下,射流式水冷镜镜面最大形变可低至0.07 μm,明显优于其它类型的水冷镜。     

等离子体流注入实验

本文叙述简单磁镜中,等离子体流注入的实验结果。被磁镜场捕获的等离子体驱动了m=1的交换不稳定性,等离子体发生破裂的临界β值约5％,导电壁的线结效应对交换模有稳定作用。     

稳定波长反馈引起的失谐对自由电子激光的影响

利用修改的一维非定态程序,基于美国杰弗逊实验室（JLab）Demo自由电子激光装置的参数,对高功率自由电子激光振荡器稳定波长的反馈系统进行了数值模拟。电子微脉冲为高斯型分布,每个纵向网格中取16个模拟宏电子,不考虑电子束的能散度。结果表明：当无反馈时,腔内光功率和波长都可以在一定范围内稳定;加入反馈后,由于电子束能量的变化所引起的等效失谐对整个系统有着重要的影响,甚至可能导致电子和光场失去相互作用,从而使得装置不能工作。提出应该在光场达到饱和以后再启动稳定波长反馈系统。模拟结果证明,该实施方案是合理有效的,可以避免其对FEL运行的严重影响。     

Newman-Penrose Formalism and Gravitational Impulsive and Shock Waves

Vacuum spacetimes endowed with two commuting spacelike Killing vector fields are considered. Subject to the hypothesis that there exists a shearfree null geodesic congruence orthogonal to the two-surface generated by the two commuting spacelike Killing vector fields,it is shown that, with a specific choice of null tetrad, the Newman-Penrose equations are reduced to an ordinary differential equation of Riccati type. fiom the consideration of this differential equation, exact solutions of the vacuum Einstein field equations with distribution valued Weyl curvature describing the propagation of gravitational impulsive and shock wave of variable polarization are then constructed.     

3D simulation of the effects of growth parameters on the growth of sapphire crystals using heat exchanger method

3D simulations using the commercial CFDRC and FIDAP code, which are based on finite element techniques, were performed to investigate the effects of anisotropic conductivity on the convexity of the melt–crystal interface and the hot spots of sapphire crystal in a heat‐exchanger‐method crystal growth system. The convection boundary conditions of both the energy input to the crucible by the radiation as well as convection inside the furnace and the energy output through the heat exchanger are modeled. The cross‐sectional flow pattern and the shape of the melt–crystal interface are confirmed by comparing the 3‐D modeling results with previous 2D simulation results. In the 3D model, the “hot spots” in the corners of the crucible are donut shaped, and the shape changes with the value of the conductivity of anisotropic crystal. The outline of the crystal becomes more convex as the conductivity in the z direction (k_sz) increases. The outline of melt–crystal interface is elliptical when the anisotropic conductivity is moving in the radial direction (k_sx and k_sy). The portion at the outline touching the bottom of the crucible is smaller than the maximum outline of the crystal, meaning that the shape at the “hot spot”, changes with the value of the conductivities of anisotropic crystal. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

射流式水冷镜换热性能及在高能化学激光器中的应用

加工了射流式水冷铜镜模型,采用红外热像仪测量了冷却过程中镜面温度分布云图,证明了射流式水冷镜冷却的均匀性。采用热电偶较精确地测量了铜镜冷却过程中镜面温度的变化,实验结果与数值模拟吻合较好,验证了射流式水冷镜数值模型的可靠性。结合高能化学激光器中水冷镜实际情况,对直线沟槽型水冷镜和射流式水冷镜的形变特性进行了分析。计算结果表明,高能化学激光器水冷镜必须承压加工才能使用,射流式水冷镜可以很好地应用于高能化学激光器。此外,进一步分析了冷却孔直径和数量这两个参数对大口径射流式水冷镜形变的影响,结果表明：在孔数一定的情况下,采用更大口径的冷却孔,镜面冷却速度快、镜面最大温度低,可以获得更小的镜面形变;采用更多的冷却孔可以获得更好的冷却效果。     

A general finite element model for numerical simulation of structure dynamics

A finite element model used to simulate the dynamics with continuum and discontinuum is presented. This new approach is conducted by constructing the general contact model. The conventional discrete element is treated as a standard finite element with one node in this new method. The one-node element has the same features as other finite elements, such as element stress and strain. Thus, a general finite element model that is consistent with the existed finite element model is set up. This new model is simple in mathematical concept and is straightforward to be combined into the existing standard finite element code. Numerical example demonstrates that this new approach is more effective to perform the dynamic process analysis in which the interactions among a large number of discrete bodies and continuum objects are included.     

Threshold flexoelectric deformations in homeotropic nematic layers

Elastic deformations of nematic liquid crystal layers subjected to a d.c. electric field were studied numerically. The flexoelectric properties of the nematic material and the presence of ionic space charge were taken into account. Homeotropic alignment with finite surface anchoring strength was assumed. The director orientation and the electric potential distribution were calculated; the space charge density was also determined. It was found that the threshold voltage strongly depended on the parameters of the system. In particular, a threshold as low as a few tenths of a volt occurred under suitable circumstances. In the case of a negative dielectric anisotropy, Δ ε, such low values of the threshold voltage existed when the ion concentration was sufficiently high, and given sufficiently large magnitudes of the flexoelectric coefficients and a sufficiently small anchoring energy. If the ion concentration was low or if the flexoelectric coefficients were small or if the surface anchoring was strong, the threshold was equal to several volts. In the case of positive dielectric anisotropy, the threshold amounted to several tenths of a volt for a weakly anisotropic and highly conductive material. If the dielectric anisotropy was sufficiently high or if the ion concentration was sufficiently low, the threshold voltage increased with Δ ε and reached tens of volts. These results can be explained as the effect of the inhomogeneous electric field arising in the vicinity of the surfaces, due to the ionic space charge redistributed by the external voltage. They are qualitatively consistent with earlier experiments which show the effect of the ion concentration on the elastic deformations in flexoelectric nematics. They correspond also with theoretical results concerning the effect of the electric field produced by the surface polarization or by the adsorption of ions.     

Comparison between adsorption isotherm determination techniques and overloaded band profiles on four batches of monolithic columns

The adsorption isotherms of 4-tert.-butyl phenol were measured on four different monolithic columns, using three different techniques, classical frontal analysis (FA), the perturbation on a plateau method (PP) and the recently introduced numerical procedure known as the inverse numerical method (IN). This last approach requires only the recording of a few overloaded profiles and has the potential advantage of affording a dramatic decrease of the amounts of compounds, solvent, and time needed to determine accurate estimates of the coefficients of the isotherm. The reproducibility of the adsorption data measured on the four columns is discussed with reference to the specific techniques used for obtaining these data and to the most suitable equation used for modeling them. The data obtained for the different columns were highly consistent. The inverse numerical approach was confirmed to provide a powerful, accurate, and economic method for measuring single component adsorption data.