Two-potential formula continued off-the-energy-shell

We derive an off-energy-shell generalization of the two-potential formula by using a coordinate-space approach and apply the formalism to construct algorithms for studying spatial behaviour of the fully off-shellT matrix. We also suggest some future applications of the proposed theory.     

Design and optimal tuning of nonlinear PI compensators

In this paper, linear time-invariant single-input single-output (SISO) systems that are stabilizable by linear proportional and integral (PI) compensators are considered. For such systems, a five-parameter nonlinear PI compensator is proposed. The parameters of the proposed compensator are tuned by solving an optimization problem. The optimization problem always has a solution.Additionally, a general nonlinear PI compensator is proposed and is approximated by easy-to-compute compensators, for instance, a six-parameter nonlinear PI compensator. The parameters of the approximate compensators are tuned to satisfy an optimality condition. The superiority of the proposed nonlinear PI compensators over linear PI compensators is discussed and is demonstrated for two feedback systems.     

Asynchronous and corrected-asynchronous finite difference solutions of PDEs on MIMD multiprocessors

A major problem in achieving significant speed-up on parallel machines is the overhead involved with synchronizing the concurrent processes. Removing the synchronization constraint has the potential of speeding up the computation, while maintaining greater computation flexibility (e.g. differences in processors speed; differences in the data input to processors). We construct asynchronous (AS) finite difference schemes for the solution of PDEs by removing the synchronization constraint. We analyze the numerical properties of these schemes. Based on the analysis, we develop corrected-asynchronous (CA) finite difference schemes which are specifically constructed for an asynchronous processing. We present asynchronous (AS) and corrected-asynchronous (CA) finite difference schemes for the multi-dimensional heat equation. Although our discussion concentrates on the Euler scheme it should serve only as a sample, as it can be extended to other schemes and other PDEs.These schemes are implemented on the shared-memory multi-userSequent Balance machine. Numerical results for one and two dimensional problems are presented. It is shown experimentally that synchronization penalty can be about 50% of run time: in most cases, the asynchronous scheme runs twice as fast as the parallel synchronous scheme. In general, the efficiency of the parallel schemes increases with processor load, with the time-level, and with the problem dimension. The efficiency of the AS may reach 90% and over, but it provides accurate results only for steady-state values. The CA, on the other hand, is less efficient but provides more accurate results for intermediate (non steady-state) values. The results show the potential of developing asynchronous finite deference schemes for steady-state as well as non steadystate problems.This research was partially supported by a grant from The Basic Research Foundation administrated by The Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.A reduced version of the paper was presented at the 4th SIAM Conference on Parallel Processing for Scientific Computing, Dec. 11–13, 1989, Chicago, USA.The work by this author was supported by research grant 337 of the Israeli National Council for Research and Development in the years 1990–1991.This research was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under NASA Contract No. NASI-18107 while the author was in residence at the Institute for Computer Applications in Sciences and Engineering (ICASE), NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA.     

ON THE MIXED PROBLEMS IN AN EIASTIC PIANE WITH PERIODIC CRACKS

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Beyond Einstein's radiation theory

Einstein's radiation mechanism is generalized to account for the possibility of population inversion by placing a nonlinear bound on the growth of an unstable perturbation. The nonstationary linear mechanism of relaxation to blackbody radiation below threshold is studied. The nonstationary photon distribution is the negative binomial distribution, and casting it as a law of error, for which the most probable value is the mean value, gives the expression for the statistical entropy. The second law yields a nonequilibrium generalization of Planck's radiation law. The nonlinear mechanism leading to the transformation from the negative binomial probability distribution, for chaotic light, to a Poisson probability distribution, for coherent light, is then analyzed. A criterion for lasing is given in terms of the chemical potential of radiation which is compared to the inequality for the transition from quantum to classical statistics.     

Weight Function Approach to q-Difference Equations for the q-Hypergeometric Polynomials

In this paper we define a new algebra generated by the difference operators D _q and D _q-1 with two analytic functions (x) and (x). Also, we define an operator M = J ₁ J ₂–J ₃ J ₄ s.t. all q-hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials Y _n(x), x cos(), are eigenfunctions of the operator M with eigenvalues _q [n] _q . The choice of (x) and (x) depend on the weight function of Y _n (x).     

Auto-Bäcklund transformations for a matrix partial differential equation

We derive auto-Bäcklund transformations, analogous to those of the matrix second Painlevé equation, for a matrix partial differential equation. We also then use these auto-Bäcklund transformations to derive matrix equations involving shifts in a discrete variable, a process analogous to the use of the auto-Bäcklund transformations of the matrix second Painlevé equation to derive a discrete matrix first Painlevé equation. The equations thus derived then include amongst other examples a semidiscrete matrix equation which can be considered to be an extension of this discrete matrix first Painlevé equation. The application of this technique to the auto-Bäcklund transformations of the scalar case of our partial differential equation has not been considered before, and so the results obtained here in this scalar case are also new. Other equations obtained here using this technique include a scalar semidiscrete equation which arises in the case of the second Painlevé equation, and which does not seem to have been thus derived previously.     

紫外差光谱测定Gd(Ⅲ), Yb(Ⅲ)与HBED配合物的条件稳定常数

在0.01 mol·L-1 N-2-羟乙基哌嗪-N'-2-乙磺酸(Hepes), pH 7.4, 室温条件下, 应用紫外差光谱滴定观察了Gd(Ⅲ), Yb(Ⅲ)与N, N'-二(2-羟苄基)乙二胺-N, N'-二乙酸(HBED)的结合. 结果表明 Gd(Ⅲ), Yb(Ⅲ)与HBED均形成1∶1的配合物, 其紫外差光谱均于237和291 nm处出现吸收峰, 在237 nm处配合物Gd-HBED与Yb-HBED的摩尔吸光系数分别为 ΔεGd=(22.52±0.20)×103 cm-1·mol-1·L, ΔεYb=(27.15±0.11)×103 cm-1·mol-1·L; 配合物Gd-HBED与Yb-HBED的条件稳定常数分别为 lgKGd-HBED=13.56±0.28, lgKYb-HBED=16.06±0.03, 符合线性自由能关系.     

Artificial compressibility, characteristics-based schemes for variable density, incompressible, multi-species flows. Part I. Derivation of different formulations and constant density limit

The paper presents various formulations of characteristics-based schemes in the framework of the artificial-compressibility method for variable-density incompressible flows. In contrast to constant-density incompressible flows, where the characteristics-based variables reconstruction leads to a single formulation, in the case of variable density flows three different schemes can be obtained henceforth labeled as: transport, conservative and hybrid schemes. The conservative scheme results in pseudo-compressibility terms in the (multi-species) density reconstruction. It is shown that in the limit of constant density, the transport scheme becomes the (original) characteristics-based scheme for incompressible flows, but the conservative and hybrid schemes lead to a new characteristics-based variant for constant density flows. The characteristics-based schemes are combined with second and third-order interpolation for increasing the computational accuracy locally at the cell faces of the control volume. Numerical experiments for constant density flows reveal that all the characteristics-based schemes result in the same flow solution, but they exhibit different convergence behavior. The multigrid implementation and numerical studies for variable density flows are presented in Part II of this study.     

Optimization of type-II frequency doubling of spatial and temporal limited laser light in nonlinear crystals

Type-II frequency doubling of short Gaussian laser pulses is studied theoretically. The situation is analysed when the group velocity mismatch and the walk-off angle of the interacting waves limit the frequency conversion efficiency. It is shown that with collinear ‘o’ and ‘e’ polarized fundamental waves a temporal and spatial separation of the fundamental beams is necessary to compensate for both effects. Results of the presented model are discussed for KDP crystals.