Double-quantum dipolar recoupling at high magic-angle spinning rates

A full investigation of the possible homonuclear double-quantum recoupling sequences, based on the RN family of sequences with N < or = 20, is given. Several new RN sequences, R16(6)(5), R18(8)(5), and R18(10)(5), were applied at high magic-angle spinning rates and compared with theory. The R18(10)(5) technique can be used to recouple dipolar couplings at spinning rates up to 39 kHz, and the application of the sequence in an INADEQUATE experiment is shown for a spinning rate of 30 kHz.     

The influence of temperature gradients on the kinetic boundary layer problem for a condensing droplet

We extend an earlier method for solving kinetic boundary layer problems to the case of particles moving in aspatially inhomogeneous background. The method is developed for a gas mixture containing a supersaturated vapor and a light carrier gas from which a small droplet condenses. The release of heat of condensation causes a temperature difference between droplet and gas in the quasistationary state; the kinetic equation describing the vapor is the stationary Klein-Kramers equation for Brownian particles diffusing in a temperature gradient. By means of an expansion in Burnett functions, this equation is transformed into a set of coupled algebrodifferential equations. By numerical integration we construct fundamental solutions of this equation that are subsequently combined linearly to fulfill appropriate mesoscopic boundary conditions for particles leaving the droplet surface. In view of the intrinsic numerical instability of the system of equations, a novel procedure is developed to remove the admixture of fast growing solutions to the solutions of interest. The procedure is tested for a few model problems and then applied to a slightly simplified condensation problem with parameters corresponding to the condensation of mercury in a background of neon. The effects of thermal gradients and thermodiffusion on the growth rate of the droplet are small (of the order of 1%), but well outside of the margin of error of the method.     

激光诱导法制备SERS光纤pH传感器

利用光化学法在光纤尖端快速沉积银纳米粒子构建活性层,通过银纳米粒子与探针分子4-巯基吡啶分子中的巯基吸附作用,将探针分子组装在银膜上制备SERS光纤传感器。检测光纤活性端在不同pH缓冲液中探针分子的SERS光谱,对比分析其SERS光谱特征峰强度及拉曼频移的差异,讨论探针分子在不同pH值下结构的变化、与银膜之间夹角的变化,并通过重复实验证明这种SERS光纤pH传感器在实际检测中的应用价值。     

The strong coupling constant: Its theoretical derivation from a geometric approach to hadron structure

Since more than a decade, abi-scale, unified approach to strong and gravitational interactions has been proposed, that uses the geometrical methods of general relativity, and yielded results similar to strong gravity theory's. We fix our attention, in this note, on hadron structure, and show that also the strong interaction strength _S, ordinarily called the (perturbative) coupling-constant square, can be evaluated within our theory, and found to decrease (increase) as the distancer decreases (increases). This yields both the confinement of the hadron constituents (for large values ofr) and their asymptotic freedom (for small values ofr inside the hadron): in qualitative agreement with the experimental evidence. In other words, our approach leads us, on a purely theoretical ground, to a dependence of _S onr which had been previously found only on phenomenological and heuristic grounds. We expect the above agreement to be also quantitative, on the basis of a few checks performed in this paper, and of further work of ours on calculating meson mass spectra.     

Entanglement and the factorization-approximation

For a bi-partite quantum system defined in a finite dimensional Hilbert-space we investigate in what sense entanglement change and interactions imply each other. For this purpose we introduce an entanglement-operator, which is then shown to represent a non-conserved property for any bi-partite system and any type of interaction. This general relation does not exclude the existence of special initial product states, for which the entanglement remains small over some period of time, despite interactions. For this case we derive an approximation to the full Schr?dinger-equation, which allows the treatment of the composite systems in terms of product states. The induced error is estimated. In this factorization-approximation one subsystem appears as an effective potential for the other. A pertinent example is the Jaynes-Cummings model, which then reduces to the semi-classical rotating wave approximation. Received 8 June 2001     

Fragmentation of water clusters: Molecular-dynamics simulation study

The fragmentation of water clusters, [(H ₂ O)_n;n = 2-8], have been investigated by using molecular-dynamics simulation method. In the simulations a polarizable-dissociable potential energy function for water has been used. Particular attention has bee paid to investigate the effect of structural properties and cluster size on the fragmentation. Received 27 April 2000 and Received in final form 6 October 2000     

Phase unwrapping by accumulation of residual maps

We present a path independent (global) algorithm for phase unwrapping based on the minimisation of a robust cost function. The algorithm incorporates an outlier rejection mechanism making it robust to large inconsistencies and discontinuities. The proposal consists on an iterative incremental scheme that unwraps a sub-estimation of the residual phase at each iteration. The sub-estimation degree is controlled by an algorithm׳s parameter. We present an efficiently computational multigrid implementation based on a nested strategy: the process is iterated by using multiple resolutions. The proposal׳s performance is demonstrated by experiments with synthetic and real data, and successfully compared with algorithms of the state of the art.     

Adjoint-based h–p adaptive discontinuous Galerkin methods for the 2D compressible Euler equations

In this paper, we investigate and present an adaptive Discontinuous Galerkin algorithm driven by an adjoint-based error estimation technique for the inviscid compressible Euler equations. This approach requires the numerical approximations for the flow (i.e. primal) problem and the adjoint (i.e. dual) problem which corresponds to a particular simulation objective output of interest. The convergence of these two problems is accelerated by an hp-multigrid solver which makes use of an element Gauss–Seidel smoother on each level of the multigrid sequence. The error estimation of the output functional results in a spatial error distribution, which is used to drive an adaptive refinement strategy, which may include local mesh subdivision (h-refinement), local modification of discretization orders (p-enrichment) and the combination of both approaches known as hp-refinement. The selection between h- and p-refinement in the hp-adaptation approach is made based on a smoothness indicator applied to the most recently available flow solution values. Numerical results for the inviscid compressible flow over an idealized four-element airfoil geometry demonstrate that both pure h-refinement and pure p-enrichment algorithms achieve equivalent error reductions at each adaptation cycle compared to a uniform refinement approach, but requiring fewer degrees of freedom. The proposed hp-adaptive refinement strategy is capable of obtaining exponential error convergence in terms of degrees of freedom, and results in significant savings in computational cost. A high-speed flow test case is used to demonstrate the ability of the hp-refinement approach for capturing strong shocks or discontinuities while improving functional accuracy.     

Heat Convection Between Two Confocal Elliptic Tubes Placed at Different Orientations

In this paper, transient and steady natural convection heat transfer in an elliptical annulus has been investigated. The annulus occupies the space between two horizontal concentric tubes of elliptic cross-section. The resulting velocity and thermal fields are predicted at different annulus orientations assuming isothermal surfaces. The full governing equations of mass, momentum and energy are solved numerically using the Fourier Spectral method. The heat convection process between the two tubes depends on Rayleigh number, Prandtl number, angle of inclination of tube axes and the geometry and dimensions of both tubes. The Prandtl number and inner tube axis ratio are fixed at 0.7 and 0.5, respectively. The problem is solved for the two Rayleigh numbers of $10^4$ and $10^5$ considering a ratio between the two major axes up to 3 while the angle of orientation of the minor axes varies from $0^\circ$ to $90^\circ$. The results for local and average Nusselt numbers are obtained and discussed together with the details of both flow and thermal fields. For isothermal heating conditions, the study has shown an optimum value for major axes ratio that minimizes the rate of heat transfer between the two tubes. Another important aspect of this paper is to prove the successful use of the Fourier Spectral Method in solving confined flow and heat convection problems.     

A model of gravity-induced distribution of material in plasma polymerized aerosols and films

A mathematical model of the volumetric part of plasma polymerization influenced by gravity is presented. Plasma-activated adhesion of monomer molecules to a surface of a germinal particle is assumed as a basic mechanism of particulate growth. The continuity equation for the flow of matter through the discharge has been formulated and solved in two extreme asymptotic approximations --for small and major duration of the process. Several non-equilibrium distribution functions of the polymer were obtained, for instance, an amount of the particles as a function of their size or time of fall. Within the adopted model this function demonstrates a sharp downward increase inside a discharge. In addition it contains such parameters as the free fall acceleration or reaction rate coefficients, variations of which enable control of the discharge and properties of the disperse medium.