介孔空心球状WC微球结构与晶相形成机理

采用喷雾干燥微球化处理-气固反应法制备了介孔空心球状WC微球，应用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对微球的形貌变化进行了表征。结果表明，介孔空心球状结构是逐步形成的。其中，空心球状结构形成于前驱体微球化处理过程中，介孔结构形成于空心微球还原碳化过程中。在与样品制备工艺条件相同的情况下，采用原位X射线衍射技术(in situ XRD)对样品的晶相演变规律进行了监测。结果表明，样品在CO/CO₂气氛中进行还原碳化时，当温度缓慢而连续上升到750 ℃时，其晶相变化遵循AMT → WO₃ → WO₂ → W₂C → WC规律;当采用“阶跃式”升温，即温度缓慢而连续上升到400 ℃，然后再快速上升到750 ℃，并在750 ℃下进行还原碳化时，其晶相变化规律为AMT → WO₃ → WO₂ → WC。这说明，样品的晶相演变不仅与还原碳化温度和时间有关，而且与升温方式和升温速率有关。     

壳聚糖丝心蛋白包药微球的结构和释放性能研究

近年,高分子微球的研究与开发十分引人注目.将药物包裹于微球中,经主动和被动控制,进入预定靶器官或组织后缓慢释放出,不仅可降低其毒副作用,还可提高其生物活性利用度,壳聚糖(ＣＳ)可作牛血清白蛋白等药物缓释微球的载体[1～3].丝心蛋白(ＦＢ)含18种氨基酸,具有多孔性和良好的渗透性[4],也是一种理想的生物材料.壳聚糖和丝心蛋白共混可交联成半互穿聚合物网络(ＳｅｍｉＩＰＮ)结构.具有智能水凝胶的性能[5].本实验室已用纤维素铜氨液分别与干酪素、海藻酸钠及魔芋共混制得共混膜,两种分子间存在由次价键力引起的很强的相互作用,使其力学性…     

Morphology of poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) prepared in perfluoropolyether

Solvent effect on the morphology of poly(p‐oxybenzoyl) (POB) prepared by the reaction‐induced phase separation of oligomers was examined by the polymerization of p‐acetoxybenzoic acid in perfluoropolyether Aflunox^TM (AFL2507 and AFL606). Polymerization was carried out at 320°C for 6 hr. POB microspheres were formed in AFL2507 by the liquid–liquid phase separation of oligomers due to the low miscibility of oligomers in AFL2507. The molecular weight of the solvent influenced the morphology, and the polymerization in AFL606 of which the molecular weight was lower than AFL2507 yielded whiskers formed by crystallization of oligomers induced by the increase in miscibility compared with that in AFL2507. The solvent structure and its molecular weight influenced the miscibility of oligomers and ultimately controlled the morphology from whisker to microsphere. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

花状的三维CuO微球作为光催化水氧化催化剂

由于化石燃料的不可持续性,以及燃烧化石燃料释放的大量CO2产生的温室效应、环境污染等严重的全球性问题,构建洁净的、环境友好的、非化石燃料的可再生新能源体系成为世界各国高度关注的焦点和重大战略部署.在化石燃料日趋减少的情况下,太阳能已成为人类使用能源的重要组成部分,并不断得到发展.从实用性角度出发,利用人工光合作用直接将光能转化为化学能吸引了国内外许多研究小组的兴趣.太阳能裂解水制氢是解决能源危机的最理想途径之一.然而,水的氧化涉及到4电子和4质子的转移过程,是能量爬坡的艰难过程.所以,水的氧化是制约水裂解的一个瓶颈.寻找高效、稳定、廉价的水氧化催化剂成为水裂解的重中之重.然而,廉价、制备方法简单、效率高、容易回收的水氧化催化剂仍不多.已有文献报道了一些含Co,Fe,Mn和Ni的光催化水氧化催化剂.值的一提的是,Cu作为地球上第八位丰产元素,由于它合适的氧化还原性质和可调控的配位环境,理论上应该是一个高效的水氧化催化剂.然而,Cu很少被用作水氧化催化剂.2012年,Mayer等报道了第一例含铜的均相电催化水氧化催化剂.2013年,Meyer等报道了非常高效和稳定的简单CuⅡ盐电催化水氧化催化剂.2014年,Lin等报道了一个碱性的水溶液中混合Cu(Ⅱ)盐和6,6-dihydroxy-2,2-bipyri-dine(H2L)的高效电催化水氧化催化剂体系.2015年,Sun等在近中性的硼酸缓冲溶液中采用简便的电沉积Cu2+制备了一个高效的铜氧化物电催化水氧化催化剂.然而,基于地球上充足的Cu设计高效、容易制备和稳定的光催化水氧化催化剂,仍是一个巨大的挑战.本文基于地球丰产元素Cu和O,成功合成了花状的三维CuO微球,并采用扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、拉曼光谱、X射线光电子能谱、N2吸附脱附等温线对CuO样品的物相、元素组成、颗粒大小以及比表面积等进行了表征.在可见光下,以[Ru(bpy)3]2+为光敏剂,Na2S2O8为牺牲电子受体,首次报道了CuO微球用作水氧化催化剂.通过一系列控制实验证明CuO确实参与了催化过程.据我们所知,这是第一例铜物种在近中性条件下被证明具有光催化水氧化催化性能.通过对缓冲溶液、pH值和催化剂浓度的优化,在硼酸缓冲溶液(pH=8.5)中产生的O2收率为11.5％,CuO显示了最佳的催化活性.进一步研究表明,CuO表现出卓越的水氧化催化性能和稳定性.催化剂重复使用5次后活性基本保持不变.反应前后的催化剂组成和形貌基本没有发生改变,其表面性质也未发生明显变化.18O标记的重氧水实验证明,氧气中的氧确实是来自于水.实验发现,催化剂活性主要取决于其比表面积.结合已报道的文献,我们初步提出了一个光催化水氧化反应机理.相对于钴、镍和钒,铜丰度高,价格更低,具有更好的发展潜力.可见,丰度高、低毒性和合适的氧化还原性质使铜催化剂填补了光催化水分解的一项空白.     

改进的油浸法测量聚硅氧烷微球的折射率

在传统的油浸法基础上,引入透光率指标来判断粉体与浸液折射率的差异,测量了聚硅氧烷微球粉体的折射率.该方法将传统油浸法的适用范围扩展至超细粉体甚至纳米粉体的折射率测量.     

膜乳化-液中干燥法制备单分散高分子微球

粒径可控的单分散高分子微球,在分析化学中可用作高效液相色谱填料^[1,2];在化学工业中可用作催化剂载体;在生物领域中用于药物释放、癌症与肝炎等临床诊断、细胞标记与识别等^[3].高分子微球的制备方法大致可分为两类,一是利用由单体出发的聚合反应或缩聚反应形成微球,二是高分子溶液经物理或物理化学手段处理后形成微球^[4]     

A novel approach to preparing magnetic protein microspheres with core-shell structure

Magnetic protein microspheres with core-shell structure were prepared through a novel approach based on the sonochemical method and the emulsion solvent evaporation method. The microspheres are composed of the oleic acid and undecylenic acid modified Fe₃O₄ cores and coated with globular bovine serum albumin (BSA). Under an optimized condition, up to 57.8 wt% of approximately 10 nm superparamagnetic Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles could be uniformly encapsulated into the BSA microspheres with the diameter of approximately 160 nm and the high saturation magnetization of 38.5 emu/g, besides of the abundant functional groups. The possible formation mechanism of magnetic microspheres was discussed in detail.     

Synthesis of polymer microsphere-supported chiral pyrrolidine catalysts by precipitation polymerization and their application to asymmetric Michael addition reactions

Polymer microsphere-supported chiral pyrrolidine catalysts were successfully synthesized by a precipitation polymerization incorporating a methacrylate monomer bearing chiral N-Boc-pyrrolidine moiety, followed by removal of the N-Boc groups. The resulting polymeric catalysts were applied to the asymmetric Michael addition reactions of aldehydes with alkyl vinyl ketones. The effects of the comonomer, the molar ratios within the catalyst, the catalyst loading, the temperature, and the solvent on the catalytic performance were investigated in detail. The reactions were found to proceed smoothly in the absence of a solvent. A hydrophobic polystyrene-based chiral pyrrolidine catalyst exhibited high reactivity (up to 97% yield) and enantioselectivity (up to 95% ee) during these reactions. The catalyst could also be recovered and reused up to five times without significant loss of activity.     

液滴法制备空心玻璃微球的模拟计算

通过对液滴法制备空心玻璃微球的成球过程进行分析,建立了成球过程数学模型,定量描述了液滴的形成、液滴的封装、凝胶球壳的形成与干燥,发泡剂的分解,球壳的预热与熔炼、冷却与收集等过程中,液滴/球壳的大小、速率、壁厚、气压等随操作条件的变化,计算了抽气速率、发泡剂浓度、玻璃溶液浓度和初始液滴大小等的改变对成球过程的影响,并进行了初步验证实验。     

Specific hemoperfusion through agarose acrobeads

Agarose acrobeads were produced by encapsulating polyacrolein microspheres (acrobeads) of 0.2 μm average diameter within an agarose matrix. Crosslinked agarose acrobeads of diameters ranging from 0.5 to 0.8 mm were found to be optimal spheres for specific hemoperfusion purposes. Agarose provides the biocompatibility and mechanical strength of the agarose acrobeads. Acrobeads contain a high aldehyde-group content through which various amino ligands, i.e., proteins, antigens, antibodies, enzymes, and so on, can be covalently bound in a single step under physiological pH (or other pH). Thus, antibodies, antigens, or toxic materials may be directly removed from whole blood by hemoperfusion. During in vitro and in vivo hemoperfusion trials, the content of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes was essentially unaltered. Likewise, a battery of the soluble blood components (Cl^-, K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, PO ₄ ^- ), total proteins, albumin, and C ₄ ^′ component of the complement cascade, as well as the enzymes SGOT, LDH, and alkaline phosphatase, remained constant within narrow limits during the hemoperfusion procedure. The chemical and physical structure of the beads is stable; neither acrolein nor bead fragments were detected in hemoperfusion trials. Similarly, leakage of antibody bound to the agarose acrobeads into the blood is insignificant. Thus far, we have demonstrated the efficacy of the crosslinked agarose acrobeads for extracorporeal removal of “unwanted” substances from whole blood in the following systems: (a) removal of specific antigens (digoxin or paraquat removal with antidigoxin or antiparaquat antibodies bound to the acrobeads, respectively), (b) removal of specific antibody (antiBSA) removal with BSA bound to the beads), (c) removal of immune complexes (BSA-antiBSA complex removal with C1q bound to acrobeads), and (d) removal of specific metals (removal of iron with deferoxamine bound to the agarose acrobeads).