Constant-distance mode scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM)--Part I: Adaptation of a non-optical shear-force-based positioning mode for SECM tips

A non-optical shear-force-based detection scheme for accurately controlling the tip-to-sample distance in scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) is presented. With this approach, the detection of the shear force is accomplished by mechanically attaching a set of two piezoelectric plates to the scanning probe. One of the plates is used to excite the SECM tip causing it to resonate, and the other acts as a piezoelectric detector of the amplitude of the tip oscillation. Increasing shear forces in close proximity to the sample surface lead to a damping of the vibration amplitude and a phase shift, effects that are registered by connecting the detecting piezoelectric plate to a dual-phase analogue lock-in amplifier. The shear force and hence distance-dependent signal of the lock-in amplifier is used to establish an efficient, computer-controlled closed feedback loop enabling SECM imaging in a constant-distance mode of operation. The details of the SECM setup with an integrated piezoelectric shear-force distance control are described, and approach curves are shown. The performance of the constant-distance mode SECM with a non-optical detection of shear forces is illustrated by imaging simultaneously the topography and conductivity of an array of Pt-band microelectrodes.     

Study on Synthesis and Intercalation Behavior of Layered Zirconium Proline-N-methylphosphonate-phosphate

Zirconium proline-N-methylphosphonate-phosphate (α-ZPMPP) was prepared in the presence of HF for the first time. The α-ZPMPP sample is highly crystallized with interlayer distance of 1.52nm. The interlayer distance of complex of α-ZPMPP with n-butylamine (α-ZPMPP-BA) is in 0.45 nm larger than that of α-ZPMPP. The α-ZPMPP possesses different intercalation behavior of host-guest compound from α-ZP.     

像素分割对LED电流密度及光照度分布的影响

将300μm×300μm LED芯片阵列化为间隔为20μm的3×3个80μm×80μm的子单元,阵列化后,总饱和光输出功率是未阵列化前的5.19倍,最大注入电流提高近7倍,表明阵列可以注入更大的电流和输出更高的饱和光功率。此外,采用多颗阵列化后的LED芯片形成的芯片组照明,得知芯片组间距为最大平坦条件dmax时,接收面上照度均匀性最佳;芯片组数越多,接收面上均匀照度的面积越大。同时,9颗300μm×300μm的芯片阵列化为9个80μm×80μm LED芯片后,以dmax排列照明相对于9颗未阵列化的300μm×300μm芯片以dmax排列照明时,接收面上的光照度均匀性不变,照度值提高了3倍。     

非Kolmogorov大气湍流对径向部分相干阵列光束瑞利区间和湍流距离的影响

基于广义的Huygens-Fresnel原理和非Kolmogorov谱模型,推导了无线光通信系统中径向分布部分相干高斯-谢尔模型阵列光束在非Kolmogorov大气湍流中传输时瑞利区间z_R和湍流距离z_T的解析表达式,对瑞利区间和湍流距离随湍流参量和光束参量的变化情况进行了数值分析.结果表明:不论是相干还是非相干合成,径向分布部分相干高斯-谢尔模型阵列光束的z_R和z_T均随湍流广义指数α的增大非单调变化,当α=3.11时,z_R和z_T取最小值,此时阵列光束扩展最大;相干合成比非相干合成的光束扩展要小,但其受湍流的影响更大;对于相干合成而言,径向分布半径r0越大,合成光束的z_R和z_T就越大,而非相干合成的z_R和z_T不受r0的影响;不论是相干还是非相干合成,阵列子光束数目对合成光束的z_R和z_T没有影响;当光束相干参量β足够小或波长λ足够大时,大气湍流对阵列光束z_R的影响可以忽略.     

Gradient estimate in terms of a Hilbert-like distance,for minimal surfaces and Chaplygin gas

We consider a quasilinear elliptic boundary value-problem with homogenenous Dirichlet condition. The data are a convex planar domain. The gradient estimate is needed to ensure the uniform ellipticity, before applying regularity theory. We establish this estimate in terms of a distance, which is equivalent to the Hilbert metric.

This fills the proof of existence and uniqueness of a solution to this BVP (boundary-value problem), when the domain is only convex but not strictly, for instance if it is a polygon.     

Minimax Theorems with Bregman Distance in Banach Spaces

Since Bregman distance is a generalized distance function which does not satisfy the triangle inequality nor symmetry, it is important to study minimax theorems in reflexive Banach spaces. Our minimax theorems differ from those in previous literature.     

Applications of the growth characteristics induced by the spectral distance

Let A be a complex unital Banach algebra. Using a connection between the spectral distance and the growth characteristics of a certain entire map into A, we derive a generalization of Gelfand’s famous power boundedness theorem. Elaborating on these ideas, with the help of a Phragm´en-Lindel¨of device for subharmonic functions, it is then shown, as the main result, that two normal elements of a C^?-algebra are equal if and only if they are quasinilpotent equivalent.     

Using synchrotron radiation inline phase‐contrast imaging computed tomography to visualize three‐dimensional printed hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering

Synchrotron radiation inline phase‐contrast imaging combined with computed tomography (SR‐inline‐PCI‐CT) offers great potential for non‐invasive characterization and three‐dimensional visualization of fine features in weakly absorbing materials and tissues. For cartilage tissue engineering, the biomaterials and any associated cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) that is secreted over time are difficult to image using conventional absorption‐based imaging techniques. For example, three‐dimensional printed polycaprolactone (PCL)/alginate/cell hybrid constructs have low, but different, refractive indices and thicknesses. This paper presents a study on the optimization and utilization of inline‐PCI‐CT for visualizing the components of three‐dimensional printed PCL/alginate/cell hybrid constructs for cartilage tissue engineering. First, histological analysis using Alcian blue staining and immunofluorescent staining assessed the secretion of sulfated glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) and collagen type II (Col2) in the cell‐laden hybrid constructs over time. Second, optimization of inline PCI‐CT was performed by investigating three sample‐to‐detector distances (SDD): 0.25, 1 and 3 m. Then, the optimal SDD was utilized to visualize structural changes in the constructs over a 42‐day culture period. The results showed that there was progressive secretion of cartilage‐specific ECM by ATDC5 cells in the hybrid constructs over time. An SDD of 3 m provided edge‐enhancement fringes that enabled simultaneous visualization of all components of hybrid constructs in aqueous solution. Structural changes that might reflect formation of ECM also were evident in SR‐inline‐PCI‐CT images. Summarily, SR‐inline‐PCI‐CT images captured at the optimized SDD enables visualization of the different components in hybrid cartilage constructs over a 42‐day culture period.     

光学频率梳啁啾干涉实现绝对距离测量

本文提出一种基于光学频率梳的啁啾脉冲干涉绝对距离测量的方法.通过一对衍射光栅啁啾参考脉冲,分析参考脉冲和测量脉冲的干涉光谱,得到脉冲的中心频率偏移量,从而解算出被测距离.文中详细分析了脉冲啁啾原理和啁啾脉冲干涉测距原理,以及影响测距范围的因素并给出仿真.搭建了改进的Michelson干涉结构,实验得出测距范围受啁啾参数的影响,并与理论分析吻合;在地下长导轨上,进行大范围测距实验.实验结果表明当,在65 m范围内,测量结果与参考测距仪相比,测距精度为33μm,相对精度达到5.1×10~(-7).此外,根据理论分析,通过实验优化了实验装置的测量不确定度.     

基于光谱连接空间的彩色相机光谱重构研究

针对彩色相机三通道响应值重构光谱反射率精度低的问题,提出了基于光谱连接空间的彩色相机光谱反射率重构方法。首先通过光谱反射率已知的训练样本集和多项式拟合方法建立相机响应值到光谱连接空间的转换矩阵,然后利用该矩阵将待重构样本的相机响应值映射到光谱连接空间,最后选用合适的光谱重构算法在光谱连接空间内实现光谱反射率重构,并利用色度误差和光谱误差两个指标对重构结果进行评价。在上述过程中,鉴于转换矩阵的重要性,采用了基于反距离加权的最小二乘法计算转换矩阵以提高相机响应值到光谱连接空间的转换精度。实验结果表明:本文方法切实可行且精度可靠,与基于彩色相机三通道响应值的光谱重构方法相比,色度重构精度和光谱重构精度均显著提高,平均色差和谱差分别为1.145 2和0.010 3,可在较大程度上满足数字典藏、高保真颜色复制等的需要。