Are Words the Quanta of Human Language? Extending the Domain of Quantum Cognition

In previous research, we showed that ‘texts that tell a story’ exhibit a statistical structure that is not Maxwell–Boltzmann but Bose–Einstein. Our explanation is that this is due to the presence of ‘indistinguishability’ in human language as a result of the same words in different parts of the story being indistinguishable from one another, in much the same way that ’indistinguishability’ occurs in quantum mechanics, also there leading to the presence of Bose–Einstein rather than Maxwell–Boltzmann as a statistical structure. In the current article, we set out to provide an explanation for this Bose–Einstein statistics in human language. We show that it is the presence of ‘meaning’ in ‘texts that tell a story’ that gives rise to the lack of independence characteristic of Bose–Einstein, and provides conclusive evidence that ‘words can be considered the quanta of human language’, structurally similar to how ‘photons are the quanta of electromagnetic radiation’. Using several studies on entanglement from our Brussels research group, we also show, by introducing the von Neumann entropy for human language, that it is also the presence of ‘meaning’ in texts that makes the entropy of a total text smaller relative to the entropy of the words composing it. We explain how the new insights in this article fit in with the research domain called ‘quantum cognition’, where quantum probability models and quantum vector spaces are used in human cognition, and are also relevant to the use of quantum structures in information retrieval and natural language processing, and how they introduce ‘quantization’ and ‘Bose–Einstein statistics’ as relevant quantum effects there. Inspired by the conceptuality interpretation of quantum mechanics, and relying on the new insights, we put forward hypotheses about the nature of physical reality. In doing so, we note how this new type of decrease in entropy, and its explanation, may be important for the development of quantum thermodynamics. We likewise note how it can also give rise to an original explanatory picture of the nature of physical reality on the surface of planet Earth, in which human culture emerges as a reinforcing continuation of life.     

Stability and Evolution of Synonyms and Homonyms in Signaling Game

Synonyms and homonyms appear in all natural languages. We analyze their evolution within the framework of the signaling game. Agents in our model use reinforcement learning, where probabilities of selection of a communicated word or of its interpretation depend on weights equal to the number of accumulated successful communications. When the probabilities increase linearly with weights, synonyms appear to be very stable and homonyms decline relatively fast. Such behavior seems to be at odds with linguistic observations. A better agreement is obtained when probabilities increase faster than linearly with weights. Our results may suggest that a certain positive feedback, the so-called Metcalfe’s Law, possibly drives some linguistic processes. Evolution of synonyms and homonyms in our model can be approximately described using a certain nonlinear urn model.     

Notes on top-down languages

Properties of context-free languages and grammars permitting deterministic top-down recognition with bounded lookahead are discussed. In particular, it is shown that for eachk>1 there are such languages requiring a lookahead of at leastk characters.     

基于Delphi语言的多媒体CAI系统设计

用Ｄｅｌｐｈｉ语言制作计算机辅助教学软件时，必须实现对超媒体的支持与处理，针对这种情况，阐述了采用Ｄｅｌｐｈｉ中的ＶＣＬ构造ＴＡｎｉｍａｔｅＣｅｌｌ类的方法以及在此基础上设计多媒体类和脚本解释析器的技术。     

面向对象建模语言AML的设计与实现

ＡＭＬ语言吸取了Ａｄａ９５ 基本原理和思想，引进它的基本数据类型、语句等设施，对其作更高层次的抽象和扩充．用３ 种有相同名字不同类型的程序包从不同的侧面描述给定模块的模型，提高了系统的完整性和一致性；同时运用二级并发模型和限制设施，详述了系统的并发性和不确定性的描述问题．     

人工扰动电离层仿真系统的设计与实现

设计并开发了一种人工扰动电离层仿真系统．建立了数值模型，规划出系统总体构造，在实现过程中引入VC、VF混合编程的概念，以达到两种语言优势互补的目的．文中详细论述了VC、VF混合编程对于数据的处理，生成Fortran的动态链接库，以及在VC中调用生成库的技术．通过仿真模拟，得出了电离层加热过程中电子密度、电子温度等随时间演化的规律，及发射电波频率、功率对加热效果的影响．试用证明，该系统有效地模拟了电离层人工扰动的状态，为在我国实施加热工程提供了可靠的科学依据．     

Metrizability and Coconnectedness

Solving the problem stated in Sichler and Trnková, Topol. Its Appl., 142: 159–179, 2004, we construct metrics μ, ν on a set P such that the spaces X=(P,μ) and Y=(P,ν) have the same monoid of all continuous selfmaps, the space Y is coconnected (in the sense that every continuous map Y×Y→Y depends on at most one coordinate) while X is not. Also, properties of the forgetful functors Metr → Unif → Top are investigated for the “simultaneous variant” of the above problem. Supported by the Grant Agency of Czech Republic under grant 201/06/0664 and by the project of Ministry of Education of Czech Republic MSM 0021620839.     

非线性Schroedinger方程组的精确解组

运用Maple语言程序，在没有假设的条件下，得到了具有耦合特性的非线性Schrfidinger方程组的行波精确解组及其约束条件方程，它们的表达式涵盖了所有的耦合解组与非耦合解组，具有任意性。耦合解组的算例函数及其特性分析，解释了α螺旋蛋白质螺旋链运动模型的行波孤立子解的耦合效应，揭示了增加、稳定和控制蛋白质活性和功能的方向。文章的研究方法，为求解耦合的非线性微分方程组的行波精确解组探索了蹊径。     

演化硬件描述语言OHDL

针对新的演化硬件开发模式，本文提出了OHDL语言，它是一种基于面向对象方式的演化硬件设计语言，为WU-EHW平台的输入语言，OHDL拥有可以描述硬件电路模块，网络(模块间)连接，以及模块和网络演化参数的功能，能够完善的说明用于演化的胚胎电路。     

FORTRAN语言双精度运算的扩展应用

本文利用ＦＯＲＴＲＡＮ语言中不同类型变量的性质及数运算的特点，讨论了一种能将双精度实数运算扩展到整数运算中的方法，使整数运算也能得到接近双精度实数所具有的有效位数的整型结果。