Untersuchungen der hepatischen Entgiftungskapazität klinisch gesunder Kindergartenkinder mit 15N-in-vivo-Tests

Es wird ein Vorschlag zur Systematik autoradiographischer Untersuchungen, verbunden mit dem Aufbau einer Datei Autoradiographie vorgestellt. Er sollte bei der Einschätzung von Möglichkeiten, Voraussetzungen und Leistungsgrenzen autoradiographischer Verfahren sowie bei der Planung autoradiographischer Versuche Hilfestellung geben und anregen, Ergebnisse autoradiographischer Untersuchungen nach einheitlichen Gesichtspunkten aufzubereiten und so einer Nachnutzung leichter zuzuführen. Die dargelegte Systematik wird kurz am Beispiel einer autoradiographischen Untersuchung zur Natriumdiffusion in Quarzglas erhlätert.     

A Routine Method for the Quantitative Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Urban Air

Abstract

We have developed a method for the quantitative determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) present in urban air, which can be performed rather quickly, and which uses a minimal amount of solvents.

Air samples were collected using a home-made low-volume air sampler equipped with glass fibre filter and polyurethane foam plugs. After Soxhlet extraction a liquid-liquid partition was carried out to isolate the PAH fraction. This liquid-liquid partition was performed in micro-scale, enabling us to use small quantities of the solvents and to separate the solution layers very rapidly using a centrifuge. Sample clean-up was accomplished on a high performance liquid chromatograph equipped with two normal phase silica columns. The losses of all investigated PAHs occurring during the various steps of sample clean-up have been determined. The qualitative and quantitative determination of the PAHs was carried out by capillary gas chromatography; the results were confirmed by GC/MS measurements.

The analytical procedure described was applied over a period of one year to measure the concentrations of 21 PAHs in the city of Vienna at a site with high traffic density. The concentrations of the four more volatile PAHs were determined on a semi-quantitative basis. The ratio of two selected PAHs was used to estimate the respective contribution of traffic and domestic heating to the total PAH level at the sampling site.     

Quantitative Analysis of Persistent Organochlorines in Samples From Polar Regions a Challenge For The Analytical Chemist

Abstract

The study of the transport and fate of persistent polychlorinated compounds to remote areas such as polar regions requires analytical methods which are capable to detect fg to pg amounts in the main transport medium, the atmosphere, as well as their accumulation in the very short food chain. A list of requirements are given which have to be fulfilled for the detection of such compounds with sufficient reliability. Furthermore, problems observed during sample clean-up, separation and quantification of such low levels are discussed using practical examples, and proposals are made how to avoid them.     

Subgraphs of Interest Social Networks for Diffusion Dynamics Prediction

Finding the building blocks of real-world networks contributes to the understanding of their formation process and related dynamical processes, which is related to prediction and control tasks. We explore different types of social networks, demonstrating high structural variability, and aim to extract and see their minimal building blocks, which are able to reproduce supergraph structural and dynamical properties, so as to be appropriate for diffusion prediction for the whole graph on the base of its small subgraph. For this purpose, we determine topological and functional formal criteria and explore sampling techniques. Using the method that provides the best correspondence to both criteria, we explore the building blocks of interest networks. The best sampling method allows one to extract subgraphs of optimal 30 nodes, which reproduce path lengths, clustering, and degree particularities of an initial graph. The extracted subgraphs are different for the considered interest networks, and provide interesting material for the global dynamics exploration on the mesoscale base.     

Ambient ionisation mass spectrometry for in situ analysis of intact proteins

Ambient surface mass spectrometry is an emerging field which shows great promise for the analysis of biomolecules directly from their biological substrate. In this article, we describe ambient ionisation mass spectrometry techniques for the in situ analysis of intact proteins. As a broad approach, the analysis of intact proteins offers unique advantages for the determination of primary sequence variations and posttranslational modifications, as well as interrogation of tertiary and quaternary structure and protein‐protein/ligand interactions. In situ analysis of intact proteins offers the potential to couple these advantages with information relating to their biological environment, for example, their spatial distributions within healthy and diseased tissues. Here, we describe the techniques most commonly applied to in situ protein analysis (liquid extraction surface analysis, continuous flow liquid microjunction surface sampling, nano desorption electrospray ionisation, and desorption electrospray ionisation), their advantages, and limitations and describe their applications to date. We also discuss the incorporation of ion mobility spectrometry techniques (high field asymmetric waveform ion mobility spectrometry and travelling wave ion mobility spectrometry) into ambient workflows. Finally, future directions for the field are discussed.     

Fiber-breakage evaluation of plasticated resin based on a newly developed heating cylinder with multiple ports for in-process sampling

In the injection molding of long fiber-reinforced resins, the breakage of fibers during the plastication process and while they are flowing past the check ring (CHR) is a common problem faced on manufacturing sites. However, no systematic research has been carried out. For the first time, the authors develop a heating cylinder with multiple ports on the wall for extracting the melted resin from the cylinder inside to perform in-process sampling of the resin. In this study, the new device was used to sample melted resin before and after CHR and to investigate the effects of the shape of the CHR on glass-fiber breakage. The experimental results clearly demonstrate that the breakage of fiber can be minimized to an extent where there is enough space for melted resin to gently flow and bypass the CHR. In addition, it was confirmed that the length of the CHR does not significantly affect glass-fiber breakage.     

A Cartesian grid method for two‐phase gel dynamics on an irregular domain

We develop a numerical method for simulating models of two‐phase gel dynamics in an irregular domain using a regular Cartesian grid. The models consist of transport equations for the volume fractions of the two phases, polymer network and solvent; coupled momentum equations for the two phases; and a volume‐averaged incompressibility constraint. Multigrid with Vanka‐type box relaxation scheme is used as a preconditioner for the Krylov subspace solver (GMRES) to solve the momentum and incompressibility equations. Ghost points are used to enforce no‐slip boundary conditions for the velocity field of each phase, and no‐flux boundary conditions for the volume fractions. The behavior of the new method, including its rate of convergence, is explored through numerical experiments for a problem in which strong phase separation develops from an initially (almost) homogeneous phase distribution. We also use the method to explore situations, motivated by biology, which show that imposed boundary velocities can cause substantial redistribution of network and solvent. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

重要性抽样法在管节点疲劳可靠性分析中的应用

提出了用重要性抽样的ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ模拟法计算管节点的疲劳失效概率，并与直接抽样的ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ法进行了比较，结果表明：用重要性抽样法计算可大幅度地提高计算效率     

壁面加热湍流相干结构的实验研究

用热线风速仪测量了风洞中壁面加热平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的流向脉动速度,用条件采样方法中的m-u-level法和VITA法研究了壁面加热对壁湍流相干结构猝发条件平均波形的影响,发现壁面另热能够提高猝发强度,缩短喷射时间,使一次猝发中出现多次喷射事件的现象明显增多,增强猝发的间歇性。     

结构可靠度模拟的方向重要抽样法

方向抽样法是结构可靠度Monte—Carlo模拟的方法之一。同其他的抽样方法一样，为提高抽样效率，需进行重要抽样。本文提出一种新的方向重要抽样法，该方法通过构造以验算点为球心的椭球，将以验算点为抽样中心的方向矢量变换为以原坐标系原点为中心的方向矢量，进而建立重要方向抽样的失效概率估计公式。在这种方法中，所构造的椭球半轴的长度为待定参数。分析表明，对于实际结构中的非闭合型极限状态方程，理论上应使与极限状态曲面正交的半轴的长度大于由一次二阶矩方法计算的可靠指标，本文建议取可靠指标值的1．1—1．2倍，其余半轴的长度可通过优化确定，本文采用了边模拟边优化的方法。算例分析表明，本文方法可以大大提高模拟的效率和精度，在随机变量数目较多时效果更为明显。