DSC studies of γ -irradiation influence on amylose-lipid complex transition in wheat flour

DSC studies were carried out in the heating-cooling cycles for non-irradiated and irradiated with -rays (⁶⁰Co) using 30 kGy dose wheat flour. The differences between gelatinisation and reversible transition of amylose-lipid complexes occurring in suspensions of non-irradiated and the irradiated flour (characterized by a dry matter to water ratio of 1:1 and 1:3) depend on the conditions applied in DSC measurements (concentration, heating/cooling rate) and on the preceding treatment of samples. An essential decrease in the temperature of amylose-lipid complex transition was discovered after irradiation. Retrogradation is inhibited in the dense gels of the irradiated samples as compared to the initial ones. The results are discussed in terms of radiation-induced destruction of the polysaccharide chains and lipid modification.     

Processing,mechanical properties,and fracture behavior of cereal protein/poly(hydroxyl ester ether) blends

Blends of poly(hydroxy ester ether) (PHEE), a recently developed bisphenol A ether‐based synthetic biodegradable thermoplastic polymer, with a soybean protein isolate and two hydrolyzed wheat glutens were studied. Blends of the proteins with PHEE were produced from 20 to 70% by weight of protein content. Young's moduli of the protein/PHEE blends fall in the range of 0.8–1.5 GPa with tensile strengths ranging from 10 to 30 MPa. Critical stress‐intensity factors of the blends ranged from 2 to 9 MPa‐m^1/2 depending on the amount of protein added. Morphological analysis indicated a moderate degree of adhesion between the protein and PHEE phases in the blends. In general, as the protein content was increased the materials lost ductility and failed in a brittle manner; however, the mechanical properties of several compositions were comparable to commercial thermoplastics such as polystyrene. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 40: 2324–2332, 2002     

吲哚乙酸氧化酶和过氧化物酶关系的同工酶研究

用细胞质雄性不育系小麦（Ａｅ．ｔｒｉｕｎｉｃｉａｌｉｓ）ｃｓ；（Ａｓ．Ｚｈｕｋｏｖｓｋｙｉ）ｃｓ；（Ｔ．ｔｉｍｏｐｈｅｅｖｉ）ｃｓ；（Ａｅ．ｓｐｅｌｔｏｉｄｅｓ）ｃｓ和普通小麦中国春（Ｔ．ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ，保持系，ｃｓ）与鄂恩１号（Ｔ．ａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）为材料，用Ｄａｖｉｓ和Ｒｅｉｓｆｅｌｄ不连续聚丙烯酰胺垂直板凝胶电泳技术进行吲哚乙酸氧化酶（ＩＡＡ－ｏｘｉａｓｅ）和阴、阳离子过氧化物酶同工酶分析；并用ＳＣ９１０型双波段薄层扫描仪进行扫描，记录其谱带数及强弱．结果表明阳离子过氧化物酶同工酶谱与ＩＡＡ－氧化酶同工酶谱十分相似；而阴离子过氧化物酶酶谱相差甚远．由此表明具有吲哚乙酸氧化酶活性位点的过氧化物酶，应主要是阳离子过氧化物酶．     

Early Diagnosis of Mercury Stress of Wheat Seedlings Using Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy

The aim of the study was the non-destructive and rapid evaluation of the phytotoxicity of different concentrations of mercury (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1?mM) on the biochemical profile of wheat seedlings using attenuated total reflectance–Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy in combination with principal component analysis. Infrared spectra of the leaves of control and mercury-treated wheat seedlings were recorded in the spectral region from 4000 to 485?cm^?1. The preprocessing of the recorded spectra by second derivation enhanced the specificity of the infrared bands. The area of the bands estimated by curve fitting was used for the relative quantitative estimation of the biochemical changes involved. The principal component analysis of the acquired spectral measurements discriminated between the biochemicals of the control and mercury-treated wheat seedlings. The result showed that mercury (0.2–1?mM) significantly enhanced the content of the cell wall polysaccharides, amino acids, β-sheet component of proteins, and lipids in the leaves accompanied by reduction in the amount of α-helix. The change in β-sheet/α-helix ratio indicated mercury induced structural changes in the secondary structure of proteins. The increase in the levels of methylene bands and carboxyl bands indicates changes in lipid configuration and peroxidative damage caused by mercury. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of ATR–FTIR in combination with principal component analysis as an environmental monitoring tool for the identification of plant populations affected by environmental factors like heavy metal stress prior to the appearance of visual signs of toxicity.     

Evaluation of Anthocyanin Content,Antioxidant Potential and Antimicrobial Activity of Black,Purple and Blue Colored Wheat Flour and Wheat-Grass Juice against Common Human Pathogens

The present study aimed to analyze the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of anthocyanins extracted from colored wheat flour and wheat-grass juice against human pathogens. The total anthocyanin content and antioxidant potential in colored wheat flour and wheat-grass juice extracts were significantly higher than white flour and wheat-grass juice extracts. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography showed the maximum number of anthocyanin peaks in black wheat, with delphinidin-3-o-galactoside chloride, delphinidin-3-o-glucoside chloride, and cyanindin-3-o-glucoside chloride as the major contributors. Among flour extracts, maximum zones of inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus (MTCC 1934), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MTCC 1434), Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans (MTCC 227) were produced by black flour extract, having the highest anthocyanin content. It exhibited a minimum microbicidal concentration (MMC) of 200 mg/mL against E. coli and C. albicans; and 100 and 150 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Black and purple flour extracts exhibited a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 50 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. White flour extracts did not show MMC against E. coli and C. albicans. Among wheat-grass juice extracts, black wheat-grass was most effective and showed an MIC of 100–150 mg/mL against all pathogens. It exhibited an MMC of 200 mg/mL against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Hence, anthocyanin-rich colored wheat could be of nutraceutical importance.     

Preservation of vitamins content in Cuccìa using an innovative method of processing

Abstract

Cuccìa is a traditional Sicilian food prepared by boiling whole durum wheat kernels, in water, for many hours. This process destroys the vitamins E and B contents of crude kernels. It was rated a method to prepare the Cuccìa, preserving the vitamin content. Four varieties of durum wheat were processed comparing the traditional cooking method (TR-boiling for 5/6?hours), and an innovative one (IN-grains scarification, germination, and cooking at 50?°C for 2?hours). On soups obtained the content of biotin, niacin and α-amylase activity were determined. ANOVA showed the cooking method influences biotin and niacin content having values from 0.56 and 0.72?ng ml^?1 (raw grain) and values close to 0 (TR), while only a 10% decrease (IN) respectively for both vitamins. On the contrary, α-amylase activity was reduced with IN method. The IN method combined with ancient grains, produces the soup with a good vitamin B amount.     

Whole wheat flour coating with antioxidant property accelerates tissue remodeling for enhanced wound healing

As a daily food for billions of people for thousands of years,whole grain is rich in phenolic compounds and may have huge potentials to provide natural antioxidants.Herein,owing to the significant biomedical potential,the effect of whole wheat flour solution as antioxidant wound coating for enhanced wound healing has been studied.The results show that the low concentration of whole wheat flour solutions have good biocompatibility and can scavenge radical and intracellular ROS in vitro,accelerating tissue remodeling in vivo to promote wound healing.This kind of whole wheat flour solution has great potential application for cutaneous wound repair.     

Preparation and Evaluation of Carboxymethylated Lignin as Dispersant for Aqueous Graphite Suspension Using Turbiscan Lab Analyzer

Carboxymethylated lignin (CML) was prepared from wheat straw alkali lignin (WAL) via carboxymethylation modification. The characterizations using FTIR, ¹³C NMR, and ¹H–¹³C HSQC NMR suggest that carboxyl groups are introduced into WAL structure successfully and there are two different active sites substituted by carboxymethyl groups. Moreover, the dispersion efficiency of CML was evaluated using the Turbiscan Lab analyzer. Effects of CML dosage and suspension pH on the dispersion stability of aqueous graphite suspension were investigated. The result shows that the dispersion stability of aqueous graphite suspension prepared with CML of 1.0% dosage at suspension pH 6.7 is obviously improved.      

LaCl3对硝态氮供应下小麦根系生长的影响

选择石麦15、衡观35两个品种小麦为供试作物,进行营养液培养,研究不同浓度硝态氮供应下Ca2+通道阻断剂LaCl3对小麦苗期根系形态特征的影响。结果表明:添加Ca2+通道阻断剂LaCl3后,3种浓度硝态氮处理的小麦根系初生根长度、侧根长度、根系总长度、侧根平均长度均较不添加LaCl3处理显著变短;直径(>0.45 mm)范围内根系所占比例增加。不施用硝态氮条件下,与不添加LaCl3处理相比,LaCl3处理对小麦植株地上部NO3-含量变化不大,但一级侧根数量明显减少,2.5和50.0 mmol.L-1硝态氮施用时,LaCl3处理侧根分布密度增加,衡观35较石麦15更明显。结论初步认为:Ca2+通道阻断剂LaCl3施用,影响小麦根系生长发育:根系伸长受抑,根系变粗,若施用硝态氮,侧根数量分布增加。     

利用无人机高光谱估算冬小麦叶绿素含量

叶绿素含量（SPAD）是作物长势评价的重要指标,可以监测农作物的生长状况,对农业管理至关重要,因此快速、准确地估算SPAD具有重要意义。以冬小麦为研究对象,利用无人机高光谱获取了拔节期、挑旗期和开花期的影像数据,获取植被指数和红边参数,研究植被指数与红边参数估算SPAD的能力。先将植被指数与红边参数分别与不同生育期的SPAD进行相关性分析,再基于植被指数、植被指数结合红边参数,通过偏最小二乘回归（PLSR）方法估算SPAD,最后制作SPAD分布图验证模型的有效性。结果表明,（1）大部分植被指数与红边参数在3个主要生育期与SPAD相关性均达到极显著水平（0.01显著）;（2）单个植被指数构建的SPAD估算模型中,LCI表现最好（R2=0.56,RMSE=2.96,NRMSE=8.14%）,红边参数中Dr/Dr_min表现最好（R2=0.49,RMSE=3.18,NRMSE=8.76%）;（3）基于植被指数结合红边参数构建的SPAD估算模型效果最佳,优于仅基于植被指数构建的SPAD估算模型,同时,随着生育期推移,两种模型均在开花期达到最高精度,R2分别为0.73和0.78,RMSE分别为2.49和2.22,NRMSE分别为5.57%和4.95%。因此,基于植被指数结合红边参数,并使用PLSR方法可以更好地估算SPAD,可以为基于无人机遥感的SPAD监测提供一种新的方法,也可为农业管理提供参考。