Characterization of gypsum using TMDSC

Gypsum is a dihydrated calcium sulfate, with the composition of CaSO₄⋅2H₂O, with large application interest in ceramic industry, odontology, sulfuric acid production, cement, paints, etc. During calcination, a phase transformation is observed associated to the loss of water, leading to the formation of gypsum or anhydrite, which may present different phases. The identification of the phases is not so easy since their infrared spectra and their X-ray diffraction patterns are quite similar. Thus, in this work, temperature modulated differential scanning calorimetry (TMDSC) was used to identify the different gypsum phases, which can be recognized by their different profiles.     

Management of legacy nutrient stores through nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization,catch crops,and gypsum treatment

We develop a modeling framework, based on discrete-time dynamic optimization, to study the effect of legacy nutrient stores and soil nutrient dynamics on optimal nutrient management and agri-environmental policy in crop production. Three alternative measures are studied to reduce nutrient loss: reduced fertilization, nonlegume catch crop cultivation and gypsum amendment. According to our results, landowner can bring down excessively high phosphorus stocks causing environmental damage within decades, by simultaneous optimization of the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the economic basis of profit maximization. Our results suggest that nitrogen loss abatement with catch crops is socially optimal, whereas the use of gypsum is well justified as a temporary measure on soils with high soil phosphorus levels. A dynamic tax-subsidy-scheme, which takes into account the current soil nutrient levels and field attributes such as soil texture, can enforce the socially optimal outcome. The welfare losses of the static steady-state-based tax-subsidy-schemes are increasing functions of the legacy nutrient stores and soil's ability to hold nutrients. Recommendations for Resource Managers

• We develop a modeling framework to study the effect of the legacy nutrient stores and the soil nutrient dynamics on the optimal nutrient management and agri-environmental policy in crop production.
• Nonlegume catch crop cultivation is a socially optimal long-term measure for nitrogen loss abatement, whereas phosphorus loss abatement with gypsum is socially optimal on soils with high soil phosphorus levels.
• A dynamic tax-subsidy-scheme, which is adjusted annually according to the soil nutrient stocks, leads to social optimum. Although this can be difficult to implement in practice, it can be useful in the derivation of the simpler, static tax-subsidy-schemes.
• If a gypsum subsidy is paid for those years, where the soil P level is above the threshold level for the gypsum application, the welfare loss of the static steady-state-based tax-subsidy-schemes is almost zero.
• Simultaneous adjustment of the N and P fertilizer rates enables the use of simple, static and soil-texture-ignorant tax-subsidy schemes, without a notable social welfare loss

     

晶形控制剂对α半水石膏结晶形态的调控研究

实验以石灰中和后的磷石膏为原料,分别以顺丁烯二酸、氨三乙酸、丁二酸为晶形控制剂,采用“半液相法”制备α半水石膏.利用XRD、SEM、XRF及EDS分别对原料及α半水石膏的物相组成、结晶形貌、成分含量等特征进行表征.结果表明:晶形控制剂在改善α半水石膏晶体形貌的同时并没有改变晶体的物相组成,可以有效抑制晶体一维方向的生长,生成短柱状的α半水石膏晶体.其中顺丁烯二酸用量在0.1;,制备的α半水石膏结晶形态最好,长径比接近1∶1,转化率可达到98;.抗压强度可达45.3 MPa.     

磷酸盐和不同价态的阳离子氯化物对石膏硬化体结构与性能的影响

以不同种类的磷酸盐(Na3PO4、Na5P3O10和(NaPO3)6)和不同价态的阳离子氯化物(NaCl、MgCl2、AlCl3)为添加剂,借助SEM等其他测试手段分析石膏硬化体的显微结构,研究半水石膏浆成型和石膏硬化体性能的变化.结果表明,氯化物无机盐中阳离子价态的升高对半水石膏浆的凝结时间无明显影响,但会引起石膏硬化体的吸水率显著提高,硬化体强度略有下降;加入磷酸盐后石膏浆的缓凝时间显著增长,石膏硬化体的吸水率下降,强度提高,其中以(NaPO3)6影响最为显著.当磷酸盐添加量达到0.12;时,硬化体性能趋于稳定,添加了(NaPO3)6和Na5P3O10的石膏硬化体结构中存在着较多柱状晶体.     

GGBS及其激发剂固化合肥湖积软土的试验研究

将CaO和石膏作为激发剂掺入粒化高炉矿渣微粉(GGBS)制备GGBS+CaO+石膏固化黏土,通过无侧限抗压强度试验研究固化黏土的强度变化规律,基于正交试验确定GGBS、CaO和石膏三掺量的最佳配合比。研究表明:单掺GGBS对软土有一定的固化效果,但固化速度慢、效果差;将CaO、石膏和GGBS混合后固化效果明显,固化土3d(天)即可形成一定强度。养护28d后,固化黏土最大强度可以达到2.9MPa;利用极差分析得出石膏掺量变化对抗压强度的影响最大,GGBS次之,CaO影响最小;GGBS、CaO和石膏三掺量固化黏土最佳配合比分别为11%、3.5%和5%。上述研究成果为在合肥滨湖地区应用矿渣类软土固化剂提供了理论依据。     

Direct transformation of FGD gypsum to calcium sulfate hemihydrate whiskers: Preparation,simulations, and process analysis

Calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) whiskers were synthesized by phase transition in CaCl₂ solution under atmospheric pressure. Analytical-grade calcium sulfate dihydrate (AR CSD) was used as the raw material for the synthesis of CSH whiskers, according to orthogonal experiments. The effects of reaction temperature, AR CSD content, H₂SO₄ content, and reaction time were investigated, and the crystallization conditions were optimized. The as-prepared CSH whiskers displayed a regular morphology and a highly uniform size, with an aspect ratio of 105. A simulation system was also established by blending various sulfates with AR CSD, to evaluate the effects of impurities in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) gypsum. The main aim was to prepare CSH whiskers directly from FGD gypsum, without any purification, using the optimized conditions. This is a facile potential alternative process for large-scale production of CSH whiskers using abundant FGD gypsum as source materials.     

机械力活化对脱硫石膏制备硫酸钙晶须的影响

对脱硫石膏原料进行机械力活化,然后采用降温重结晶法制备出硫酸钙晶须.借助扫描电镜、图像粒度分析仪和相关软件进行表征,并初步讨论了机械力活化对晶须成核和生长过程的影响.结果表明:经过机械力活化的脱硫石膏可以制备有较大长径比的硫酸钙晶须.在水浴反应温度为75℃,硫酸浓度为2.5 mol/L,机械力活化时间为3.5 h,浆料浓度为2;的条件下,制备的硫酸钙晶须平均长径比为150,平均直径为2.1μm.     

3D打印石膏试件力学性质实验

3D打印技术目前已广泛应用在医疗、航空、汽车、建筑等领域,文中做了3D打印技术在岩石力学领域的应用尝试.利用3D打印技术制作两种类型的石膏试件进行实验室单轴压缩试验.实验表明:3D打印技术可以快速、精确、灵活地制作出所需复杂尺寸的试件;打印石膏试件密度较低;3D打印石膏试件具有强度低和塑性强的特性;简单标准试件的力学性质具有可重复性,含裂纹试件力学性质差异较大;含裂纹试件的制作尚存在技术上的困难.     

离子色谱法测定烟气脱硫石膏中半水亚硫酸钙的含量

用离子色谱法测定了烟气脱硫石膏中亚硫酸根的含量,并以此换算成半水亚硫酸钙的质量分数。半水亚硫酸钙在盐酸和氯化亚锡溶液中转化为二氧化硫,二氧化硫被吸收液吸收。吸收液经0.22μm的滤膜过滤后,分取25μL进样,经AS9-HC型分离柱和AG9-HC型保护柱分离,以8mmol·L-1碳酸钠-2mmol·L-1碳酸氢钠溶液为流动相进行淋洗,采用电导检测器进行检测。亚硫酸盐的质量浓度在1.00~100mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为0.05mg·L-1。以烟气脱硫石膏样品为基体进行加标回收试验,所得回收率为97.4%和101%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)在0.35%~1.4%之间。     

温度滴定法测定脱硫石膏中的硫酸盐

采用温度滴定法测定脱硫石膏中的硫酸盐含量。石膏样品中加入盐酸(1+1)溶液,加热微沸10 min,冷却至室温后,在温度滴定仪上,以氯化钡溶液滴定至终点。在优化的试验条件下,对硫酸盐含量在72.8%~93.6%的石膏样品进行测试,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=5)在0.30%~0.95%之间,与标准方法测定值相吻合。方法的加标回收率在96.8%~102%之间。