基于Entropy-Topsis的区域系统发展脆弱性分析与测评

脆弱性是区域系统发展历程中出现扰动的本质内因,脆弱性的优化调整有利于区域系统自身的功能完善、干扰缓冲、环境适应以及发展演进;本文界定和解析区域系统发展脆弱性的内涵,设置区域系统发展脆弱性测评指标和判别准则,建立基于Entropy-Topsis的区域系统发展脆弱性测评模型,收集黑龙江省1999～2007年度的统计资料开展实证研究,深入分析测评结果的演进规律和经济内涵,为区域规划和调整策略的制定提供参考依据.     

Use of Isotope Analysis in Solving Environmental Problems in Power Engineering

Abstract

During hydraulic dumping of ashes at a sludge bed of the power plant at Mělnik (north of Prague), new springs originated which wetted houses and properties at the small village of Podvlci. The sludge bed as well as the village lie at the southwestern margin of the alluvial plain of the Labe (Elbe) River at the foot of a slope built of Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. By analyzing the concentrations of radiocarbon and tritium, it was possible to determine the origin of the water and the ratio of the modern and original groundwater in the new springs in the surroundings of the sludge bed. To substitute the present dump the operation of which should be stopped, establishing of a new one has been proposed within the alluvial plain. By means of stable isotopes and radionuclides, the relations between the groundwater in the Quaternary sediments and in the underlying Middle Turonian confined aquifer were studied, because changes in the hydrogeological regime have to be expected due to the operation of the proposed new sludge bed.     

The Application of Water Feature Model for Water-bursting Source Judgment at the First Mining Face of Under-group Coal Seams

通过对淄博矿业集团公司岱庄煤矿影响下组煤开采的3个主要含水层以前所做的大量水质化学成分化验结果的资料整理,建立了该矿下组煤主要充水水源的水质特征模型。根据最近突水点水质特征指标与已建立的水质特征模型进行综合对比,准确及时地确定了突水水源。     

The isotope altitude effect reflected in groundwater: a case study from Slovenia

This paper presents the stable isotope data of oxygen (δ¹⁸O) and hydrogen (δ²H) in groundwater from 83 sampling locations in Slovenia and their interpretation. The isotopic composition of water was monitored over 3 years (2009–2011), and each location was sampled twice. New findings on the isotopic composition of sampled groundwater are presented, and the data are also compared to past studies regarding the isotopic composition of precipitation, surface water, and groundwater in Slovenia. This study comprises: (1) the general characteristics of the isotopic composition of oxygen and hydrogen in groundwater in Slovenia, (2) the spatial distribution of oxygen isotope composition (δ¹⁸O) and d-excess in groundwater, (3) the groundwater isotope altitude effect, (4) the correlation between groundwater d-excess and the recharge area altitude of the sampling location, (5) the relation between hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in groundwater in comparison to the global precipitation isotope data, (6) the groundwater isotope effect of distance from the sea, and (7) the estimated relation between the mean temperature of recharge area and δ¹⁸O in groundwater.     

H2S Removal from Groundwater by Chemical Free Advanced Oxidation Process Using UV-C/VUV Radiation

Sulfide species may be present in groundwater due to natural processes or due to anthropogenic activity. H₂S contamination poses odor nuisance and may also lead to adverse health effects. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are considered promising treatments for hydrogen-sulfide removal from water, but conventional AOPs usually require continuous chemical dosing, as well as post-treatment, when solid catalysts are applied. Vacuum-UV (VUV) radiation can generate ·OH in situ via water photolysis, initiating chemical-free AOP. The present study investigated the applicability of VUV-based AOP for removal of H₂S both in synthetic solutions and in real groundwater, comparing combined UV-C/VUV and UV-C only radiation in a continuous-flow reactor. In deionized water, H₂S degradation was much faster under the combined radiation, dominated by indirect photolysis, and indicated the formation of sulfite intermediates that convert to sulfate at high radiation doses. Sulfide was efficiently removed from natural groundwater by the two examined lamps, with no clear preference between them. However, in anoxic conditions, common in sulfide-containing groundwater, a small advantage for the combined lamp was observed. These results demonstrate the potential of utilizing VUV-based AOP for treating H₂S contamination in groundwater as a chemical-free treatment, which can be especially attractive to remote small treatment facilities.     

Well Hydraulics with the Weber–Goldstein Transforms

Two new integral transforms, ideally suited for solving boundary value problems in well hydraulics, are derived from one of the Goldstein identities which generalizes a corresponding Weber identity. The two transforms are, therefore, named the Weber–Goldstein transforms. Their properties are presented. For the first, second, and third type boundary conditions, the new transforms remove the radial portion of a Laplacian in the cylindrical coordinates. They are used to straightforwardly rederive known solutions to the problems of a fully penetrating flowing well and a fully penetrating pumped well. A novel solution for a fully penetrating flowing well with infinitesimal skin situated in a leaky aquifer is also found by means of one of the new transforms. This solution is validated by comparison to a numerical solution obtained via the finite-difference method and to a quasi-analytic solution obtained by numerical inversion of the corresponding solution in the Laplace domain. Based on the new solution, a flowing well test is proposed for estimating the hydraulic conductivity and specific storativity of the aquifer and the skin factor of the well. The test can also be used in a constant-head injection mode. A type-curve estimation procedure is developed and illustrated with an example. The effectiveness of the test in estimating the well skin factor and aquifer parameters depends on the availability of data on the sufficiently early well response.     

Analysis of diphenylarsinic acid in human and environmental samples by HPLC–ICP‐MS

A simple, rapid and robust analytical method for determining diphenylarsinic acid in human and environmental samples was developed based on a combination of hydrophilic polymer‐based gel‐permeation high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). Hair and nail samples were digested with alkali, and liberated diphenylarsinic acid (derivative) was extracted with diethyl ether, redissolved in water and injected for HPLC–ICP‐MS analysis. Human urine, groundwater and water extracts from soils were injected for HPLC–ICP‐MS directly after filtration. Using the method, diphenylarsinic acid in a solution was quantified in 7 min duration for an analysis with a detection limit of sub‐nanograms per milliliter. The method has been applied to groundwater arsenic pollution recently uncovered in Japan. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Two-Valued Solutions in the Problem of Salt Precipitation during Groundwater Evaporation

The problem of the evaporation of groundwater containing a dissolved admixture is studied. It is shown that in the salt precipitation regime the solution is nonunique. At critical parameter values the solutions merge and in a certain region the solution of the problem disappears. The nonexistence of a solution corresponds to clogging of the pore space with precipitated salt.     

TOWARD CONTROLLING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION OF GROUNDWATER: A HIERARCHICAL POLICY FORMULATION GAME

An integrative approach to formulating agricultural policy instrument levels is suggested for controlling groundwater quality deterioration from agricultural chemical-use, while reconciling the conflicting goals of primary interest groups in the farm policy process. The paper develops a Stackelberg game-theoretic model of public policy formation that simultaneously determines endogenous price supports and nitrogen-use quota, as well as the optimal permissible water contamination. The analysis distinguishes between the private and social opportunity costs of producing agricultural crops and using groundwater as a repository for nitrate leachate from agricultural sources. It is recognized that the social benefit of using nitrogen in agriculture is less than the private benefit to producers. Private and social benefits, as well as optimal production and pollution solutions, will vary as the relative weights which policymakers attach to different social constituents change. The method developed in this paper may be applicable to any policy process in which policymakers exercise indirect influence over industrial production decisions through economic instruments.     

导弹目标在破片式战斗部作用下的易损性评估

对导弹目标的功能、结构、毁伤机理进行了分析和研究，给出了导弹目标的毁伤级别、毁伤树以及各舱段的毁伤准则，在此基础上建立了导弹目标在破片式战斗部作用下的易损性评估模型，根据该模型对某导弹目标的易损性进行了计算，得到了该导弹的易损性与舱段易损特性、炸点相对目标的方位及距离的关系。