Solutions for steady groundwater flow in multi-layer aquifer systems

A method is shown that enables closed-form solutions to be calculated for steady flow in leaky multi-layer aquifer systems. The method requires, as a prerequisite, the numerical solution of a generalized eigenvalue problem. This eigenvalue problem always has real positive eigenvalues, and the eigenvectors are always orthogonal relative to the transmissivity matrix. Partial solutions are given for a number of examples, and a numerical example is used to show how a solution can be obtained for flow to a well when the well abstracts water from more than one aquifer.List of notation A area - , specified vector functions - piezometric head vector - h _i piezometric head in aquifer i - I ₀, I ₁ modified Bessel functions of the first kind - K ₀ , K ₁ modified Bessel functions of the second kind - l half width of an irrigated strip - vertical flux velocity vector - P _i vertical flux velocity in aquifer i - well flow rate vector - Q _i well flow rate in aquifer i - R leakance matrix - R _i leakance of aquitard i - R radius of an irrigated area - r distance between two points - r ₀ well screen radius - T transmissivity matrix - tt_i transmissivity of acquifer i - _n eigenvector - Euler's constant - _n eigenvalue - v arc length normal to a boundary     

裂隙岩体中非饱和渗流与运移的概念模型及数值模拟

探讨了裂隙岩体中非饱和地下水渗流与溶质运移的几种概念模型的构造及数值模拟问题 ,如裂隙网络模型、连续体模型、等效连续体模型、双孔隙度 (单渗透率 )模型、双渗透率模型、多组份连续体模型等。在裂隙岩体中 ,非饱和地下水的渗流可能只局限于岩体中的岩石组份、或裂隙网络 ,也可能在裂隙和岩石中同时发生 ;对前一种情形只需考虑单一连续体中的流动 ,而后一种情况则需要包括地下水在岩石和裂隙之间的交换。岩体中的裂隙网络往往是溶质运移的主要通道 ;但当溶质在裂隙与岩石之间的渗透和扩散是重要的运移机制时 ,就需要考虑岩石与裂隙界面处的溶质交换。为了模拟岩石与裂隙之间地下水和溶质的交换 ,就需要了解岩石与裂隙之间相互作用的模式和范围 ,使得这类问题的概念模型较单一连续体模型多了一层不确定性、其数值模拟也变得更为困难。因为在实际问题中不易、甚至根本不能判别非饱和渗流的实际形态 ,具体采用哪种模型主要取决于分析的目的和对现场数据的掌握程度。不论哪种模型都会受到模型及参数不确定性的影响 ,因此必须考虑与其他辅助模型的比较.     

The Differential System Method for the Identification of Transmissivity and Storativity

The differential system (DS) method for the identification of transmissivity and storativity is applied to a confined isotropic aquifer in transient conditions. The data that are required for the identification are the piezometric heads and the source terms, together with the value of transmissivity at a single point only, which is the only parameter value needed a priori. In particular, no a priori knowledge of storativity is needed and, moreover, the identification of transmissivity does not depend upon storativity. The DS method yields the internode transmissivities necessary for the conservative finite differences models in a natural way, because it identifies transmissivities along the internodal segments, so that a well-known formula can be applied that bypasses the difficulty of finding an equivalent cell transmissivity and an averaging scheme. In addition, the DS method takes into account several different flows all over the aquifer, so that the identified parameters are to a certain degree global andflow independent. Moreover, the method allows for a piecemeal identification of the parameters, thus keeping away from the regions where wells are pumping so that a two-dimensional model can be used throughout. We test the applicability of the DS method with noisy data by means of numerical synthetic examples and compare the identified internode transmissivities with the reference values. We use the identified parameters to forecast the behaviour of the aquifer under different exploitation and boundary conditions and we compare the forecast piezometric heads, their gradients and the associated fluxes with those computed with the reference parameters.     

More generalized groundwater model with space‐time caputo Fabrizio fractional differentiation

We prove existence and uniqueness of the flow of water within a confined aquifer with fractional diffusion in space and fractional time derivative in the sense of Caputo‐Fabrizio using the classical contraction Banach theorem. We also propose the numerical approximation of the model using the Crank–Nicolson numerical scheme. To check the effectiveness of the model, stability analysis of the numerical scheme for the new model is presented.© 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 33: 1616–1627, 2017     

A Comprehensive Review for Groundwater Contamination and Remediation: Occurrence,Migration and Adsorption Modelling

The provision of safe water for people is a human right; historically, a major number of people depend on groundwater as a source of water for their needs, such as agricultural, industrial or human activities. Water resources have recently been affected by organic and/or inorganic contaminants as a result of population growth and increased anthropogenic activity, soil leaching and pollution. Water resource remediation has become a serious environmental concern, since it has a direct impact on many aspects of people’s lives. For decades, the pump-and-treat method has been considered the predominant treatment process for the remediation of contaminated groundwater with organic and inorganic contaminants. On the other side, this technique missed sustainability and the new concept of using renewable energy. Permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) have been implemented as an alternative to conventional pump-and-treat systems for remediating polluted groundwater because of their effectiveness and ease of implementation. In this paper, a review of the importance of groundwater, contamination and biological, physical as well as chemical remediation techniques have been discussed. In this review, the principles of the permeable reactive barrier’s use as a remediation technique have been introduced along with commonly used reactive materials and the recent applications of the permeable reactive barrier in the remediation of different contaminants, such as heavy metals, chlorinated solvents and pesticides. This paper also discusses the characteristics of reactive media and contaminants’ uptake mechanisms. Finally, remediation isotherms, the breakthrough curves and kinetic sorption models are also being presented. It has been found that groundwater could be contaminated by different pollutants and must be remediated to fit human, agricultural and industrial needs. The PRB technique is an efficient treatment process that is an inexpensive alternative for the pump-and-treat procedure and represents a promising technique to treat groundwater pollution.     

Two-Connected Augmentation Problems in Planar Graphs

Given a weighted undirected graph G and a subgraph S of G, we consider the problem of adding a minimum-weight set of edges of G to S so that the resulting subgraph satisfies specified (edge or vertex) connectivity requirements between pairs of nodes of S. This has important applications in upgrading telecommunication networks to be invulnerable to link or node failures. We give a polynomial algorithm for this problem when S is connected, nodes are required to be at most 2-connected, and G is planar. Applications to network design and multicommodity cut problems are also discussed.     

Removal of nitrate from groundwater by heterotrophic denitrification using the solid carbon source

Removal of nitrate from groundwater was investigated using biodegradable meal box(BMB) and poly(ε-caprolactone)(PCL) as carbon source and biofilm carrier.The experimental results show that nitrate in groundwater can be effectively removed using BMB and PCL as carbon source.Denitrification rates supported by BMB and PCL were 52.80 and 42.77 mg(NO3-N)/(m2h),respectively,at 30 ℃ and pH 7.5.The pH value of effluent ranged from 7 to 8,and NO2-N concentration was less than 0.1 mg/L.Compared with BMB,PCL could dec...     

爆炸冲击波下导弹结构动力分析模型初步研究

针对爆炸冲击波对导弹目标毁伤这一复杂问题进行了合理的简化,研究了冲击波对导弹结构的破坏问题。利用动力学知识,估计了冲击波对导弹目标的机械破坏作用。在综合考虑战斗部装药质量、爆炸点距目标距离、爆炸高度的环境压力、目标几何尺寸以及目标抗冲击载荷能力等基础上,利用自行编制的程序进行了一系列的仿真计算,得出了战斗部在不同时间不同位置和不同装药质量下产生的冲击波对导弹产生的破坏。计算结果基本符合物理规律,说明采用的模型及算法是合理的,能够对目标在爆炸冲击波超压作用下的易损性进行评估,得到的计算结果对实际应用具有参考价值。     

Construction of the underground contour of a hydraulic structure with constant flow velocity sections

The underground contour of an embedded rectangular dam, whose corners are rounded in accordance with curves of constant flow velocity and whose water-permeable base is underlain by a confining layer with a curvilinear roof characterized by a constant flow velocity, is constructed. The corresponding boundary value problem is solved by means of the semi-inverse use of the velocity hodograph method. The results of the numerical calculations are given and the effect of the main determining parameters of the model on the shape and dimensions of the underground contour of the dam and the curvilinear confining layer is analyzed. The limiting cases in which the water-permeable base of the dam has an unbounded thickness, namely, a streamlined apron with a horizontal insert and streamlined sheet piling (tooth), are investigated in detail.