全文获取类型
收费全文 | 4766篇 |
免费 | 370篇 |
国内免费 | 387篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 332篇 |
晶体学 | 5篇 |
力学 | 348篇 |
综合类 | 85篇 |
数学 | 3779篇 |
物理学 | 974篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 47篇 |
2022年 | 62篇 |
2021年 | 77篇 |
2020年 | 99篇 |
2019年 | 124篇 |
2018年 | 102篇 |
2017年 | 100篇 |
2016年 | 136篇 |
2015年 | 83篇 |
2014年 | 172篇 |
2013年 | 320篇 |
2012年 | 180篇 |
2011年 | 192篇 |
2010年 | 162篇 |
2009年 | 244篇 |
2008年 | 253篇 |
2007年 | 249篇 |
2006年 | 279篇 |
2005年 | 243篇 |
2004年 | 238篇 |
2003年 | 237篇 |
2002年 | 361篇 |
2001年 | 165篇 |
2000年 | 201篇 |
1999年 | 158篇 |
1998年 | 171篇 |
1997年 | 122篇 |
1996年 | 86篇 |
1995年 | 78篇 |
1994年 | 76篇 |
1993年 | 51篇 |
1992年 | 71篇 |
1991年 | 65篇 |
1990年 | 56篇 |
1989年 | 39篇 |
1988年 | 21篇 |
1987年 | 16篇 |
1986年 | 28篇 |
1985年 | 18篇 |
1984年 | 23篇 |
1983年 | 11篇 |
1982年 | 14篇 |
1981年 | 14篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 11篇 |
1978年 | 12篇 |
1977年 | 10篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 6篇 |
排序方式: 共有5523条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
111.
We study the convergence properties of reduced Hessian successive quadratic programming for equality constrained optimization. The method uses a backtracking line search, and updates an approximation to the reduced Hessian of the Lagrangian by means of the BFGS formula. Two merit functions are considered for the line search: the
1 function and the Fletcher exact penalty function. We give conditions under which local and superlinear convergence is obtained, and also prove a global convergence result. The analysis allows the initial reduced Hessian approximation to be any positive definite matrix, and does not assume that the iterates converge, or that the matrices are bounded. The effects of a second order correction step, a watchdog procedure and of the choice of null space basis are considered. This work can be seen as an extension to reduced Hessian methods of the well known results of Powell (1976) for unconstrained optimization.This author was supported, in part, by National Science Foundation grant CCR-8702403, Air Force Office of Scientific Research grant AFOSR-85-0251, and Army Research Office contract DAAL03-88-K-0086.This author was supported by the Applied Mathematical Sciences subprogram of the Office of Energy Research, U.S. Department of Energy, under contracts W-31-109-Eng-38 and DE FG02-87ER25047, and by National Science Foundation Grant No. DCR-86-02071. 相似文献
112.
A simple and quite general approach is proposed to derive criteria for transience and ergodicity of a certain class of irreducibleN-dimensional Markov chains in
+
N
assuming a boundedness condition on the second moment of the jumps. The method consists in constructing convenient smooth supermartingales outside some compact set. The Lyapounov functions introduced belong to the set of quadratic forms in
+
N
and do not always have a definite sign. Existence and construction of these forms is shown to be basically equivalent to finding vectors satisfying a system of linear inequalities.Part I is restricted toN=2, in which case a complete characterization is obtained for the type of random walks analyzed by Malyshev and Mensikov, thus relaxing their condition of boundedness of the jumps. The motivation for this work is partly from a large class of queueing systems that give rise to random walks in
+
N
相似文献
113.
For the problem of estimating the normal mean based on a random sample X
1,...,X
n when a prior value 0 is available, a class of shrinkage estimators % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xHapdbiqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaubeaeqaje% aWbaGaamOBaaWcbeqdbaGafqiVd0MbaKaaaaGccaqGGaGaaiikaiaa% dUgacaGGPaGaeyypa0Jaam4AaiaacIcadaqfqaqabKqaahaacaqGUb% aaleqaneaacaqGubaaaOGaaiykaiaabccadaqfqaqabKqaahaacaWG% UbaaleqaneaaceqGybGbaebaaaGccaqGGaGaey4kaSIaaeiiaiaacI% cacaaIXaGaaeiiaiabgkHiTiaabccacaWGRbGaaiikamaavababeqc% baCaaiaab6gaaSqab0qaaiaabsfaaaGccaGGPaGaaiykamaavababe% qcbaCaaiaad6gaaSqab0qaaiabeY7aTbaaaaa!5615!\[\mathop {\hat \mu }\nolimits_n {\rm{ }}(k) = k(\mathop {\rm{T}}\nolimits_{\rm{n}} ){\rm{ }}\mathop {{\rm{\bar X}}}\nolimits_n {\rm{ }} + {\rm{ }}(1{\rm{ }} - {\rm{ }}k(\mathop {\rm{T}}\nolimits_{\rm{n}} ))\mathop \mu \nolimits_n \] is considered, where % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xHapdbiqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaubeaeqaje% aWbaGaamOBaaWcbeqcdawaaiaadsfaaaGccaqGGaGaaeypaiaabcca% caWGUbWaaWbaaSqabeaacaaIXaGaai4laiaaikdaaaGccaGGOaWaa0% aaaeaacaWGybaaamaaBaaajeaWbaGaamOBaaWcbeaakiaabccacqGH% sislcaqGGaWaaubeaeqajeaWbaGaaGimaaWcbeqdbaGaaeiVdaaaki% aacMcacaqGGaGaae4laiabeccaGiabeo8aZbaa!4C33!\[\mathop T\nolimits_n {\rm{ = }}n^{1/2} (\overline X _n {\rm{ }} - {\rm{ }}\mathop {\rm{\mu }}\nolimits_0 ){\rm{ /}} \sigma \] and k is a weight function. For certain choices of k, % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xHapdbiqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaubeaeqaje% aWbaGaamOBaaWcbeqdbaGafqiVd0MbaKaaaaGccaqGGaGaaiikaiaa% dUgacaGGPaaaaa!3CEE!\[\mathop {\hat \mu }\nolimits_n {\rm{ }}(k)\] coincides with previously studied preliminary test and shrinkage estimators. We consider choosing k from a natural non-parametric family of weight functions so as to minimize average risk relative to a specified prior p. We study how, by varying p, the MSE efficiency (relative to \-X) properties of % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafeart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-qqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xHapdbiqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaWaaubeaeqaje% aWbaGaamOBaaWcbeqdbaGafqiVd0MbaKaaaaGccaqGGaGaaiikaiaa% dUgacaGGPaaaaa!3CEE!\[\mathop {\hat \mu }\nolimits_n {\rm{ }}(k)\] can be controlled. In the process, a certain robustness property of the usual family of posterior mean estimators, corresponding to the conjugate normal priors, is observed. 相似文献
114.
115.
Trilisa M. Perrine Rajat K. Chaudhuri Karl F. Freed 《International journal of quantum chemistry》2005,105(1):18-33
Simple and quadratic Padé resummation methods are applied to high‐order series from multireference many‐body perturbation theory (MR‐MBPT) calculations using various partitioning schemes (Møller–Plesset, Epstein–Nesbet, and forced degeneracy) to determine their efficacy in resumming slowly convergent or divergent series. The calculations are performed for the ground and low‐lying excited states of (i) CH2, (ii) BeH2 at three geometries, and (iii) Be, for which full configuration interaction (CI) calculations are available for comparison. The 49 perturbation series that are analyzed include those with oscillatory and monotonic divergence and convergence, including divergences that arise from either frontdoor or backdoor intruder states. Both the simple and quadratic Padé approximations are found to speed the convergence of slowly convergent or divergent series. However, the quadratic Padé method generally outperforms the simple Padé resummation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2005 相似文献
116.
Jonathan A. Yoffe Gerald M. Maggiora A.Terry Amos 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》1981,58(2):137-144
Stieltjes conditions and the ratio test provide necessary but not sufficient conditions onS(-2k) dipole sums. If the dipole sums are accurate the associated [n, n –1] Padé approximant provides a better representation of (), the frequency-dependent dipole polarizability, than a truncated series expression and, in addition, should bound () below. It is shown how constraints on the dipole sums effect the form of the [2,1] Padé approximant and an additional constraint is derived that ensures the analyticity of the approximant on 0 < 1. There then follows a discussion of the reliability of available literature dipole sum values for small molecules containing H, C, N and O. 相似文献
117.
从通识教育的时代要求和化学的学科地位出发,首先讨论了在化学类通识课程建设中引入跨学科视角的意义和可操作性。随后以通识课"化学与社会"的建设为例,系统地分享了引入跨学科视角后的课程设计理念和内容框架建设,通过课堂实施方案的论述和特色实例的分享总结了课程实施经验,并以学生访谈资料分析讨论了课程取得的效果和需要进一步完善的方向。以期为跨学科理念在化学教育教学实践中的转化和落地开拓思路、提供经验。 相似文献
118.
N. SanzJ. Zaccaro L. DelmotteC. Le Luyer A. Ibanez 《Journal of solid state chemistry》2002,165(1):25-34
Organic nanocrystals of N-4-nitrophenyl-l-prolinol (NPP) have been grown in sol-gel matrices prepared from silicon alkoxide precursors. Our process is based on the control of the nucleation and growth kinetics of the dye in the pores of dense gels. Nanocomposites gel-glasses are obtained with a high optical quality due to the small size of the nanocrystals (10-20 nm). Differential scanning calorimetry experiments evidenced clearly the melting point of NPP nanocrystals, which is registered 51°C above that of NPP powder. Micro-Raman and solid state NMR spectroscopies allowed us to demonstrate that our nanocrystallization process does not chemically modify NPP molecules. We specified also the nature of interactions existing between the NPP nanocrystals and the xerogels. These strong interactions, which explain the important increase of the melting point of the nanocrystals in comparison to the NPP powder, are hydrogen bonds between nitro groups of NPP and uncondensed silanol functions of the silicate network. 相似文献
119.
Summary Interpretive methods are accepted to give the best possible results for selectivity optimization in HPLC. However the methods are very complex, and most work so far has been detailed academic studies. This paper describes an evaluation of a complete integrated system incorporating peak labelling, modelling of retention behaviour and calculation of response surfaces, with particular emphasis on the retention modelling. The peak labelling section has been discussed previously.A piece-wise quadratic function is investigated for the modelling of retention times across an isoeluotropic plane to effect selectivity optimization in HPLC. This requires 10 data-points on the isoeluotropic plane. The predicted global optimum and local optima are evaluated by comparison of calculated and experimental retention data, for a nine component sample. Seven interstitial points, distributed across the whole plane between the data-points, are similarly evaluated for a related sample. The typical error (in retention time) is less than 2%, often 1%, and the maximum error is 4.2%. At the global optimum the error was found be less than 1.3% for all 9 peaks. 相似文献
120.
Microorganisms produce toxins against its competitors sometimes, and variable yields are useful to explain the observed oscillatory
behavior in the reactor. In this paper, a model with general quadric yields of competition in the bioreactor of two competitors
for a single nutrient where one of the competitors can produce toxin against its opponent, is proposed. We analyze the asymptotic
behavior of the model in terms of the relevant parameters. The conditions of the three dimensional Hopf bifurcation, and the
existence of limit cycles in the nutrient-organism phase plane are obtained. 相似文献