全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2155篇 |
免费 | 184篇 |
国内免费 | 144篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 1346篇 |
晶体学 | 3篇 |
力学 | 82篇 |
综合类 | 76篇 |
数学 | 621篇 |
物理学 | 355篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 3篇 |
2023年 | 29篇 |
2022年 | 105篇 |
2021年 | 124篇 |
2020年 | 107篇 |
2019年 | 101篇 |
2018年 | 81篇 |
2017年 | 82篇 |
2016年 | 116篇 |
2015年 | 72篇 |
2014年 | 91篇 |
2013年 | 225篇 |
2012年 | 127篇 |
2011年 | 90篇 |
2010年 | 102篇 |
2009年 | 84篇 |
2008年 | 90篇 |
2007年 | 102篇 |
2006年 | 99篇 |
2005年 | 88篇 |
2004年 | 64篇 |
2003年 | 68篇 |
2002年 | 75篇 |
2001年 | 48篇 |
2000年 | 43篇 |
1999年 | 28篇 |
1998年 | 34篇 |
1997年 | 25篇 |
1996年 | 32篇 |
1995年 | 25篇 |
1994年 | 31篇 |
1993年 | 16篇 |
1992年 | 17篇 |
1991年 | 10篇 |
1990年 | 8篇 |
1989年 | 9篇 |
1988年 | 12篇 |
1987年 | 1篇 |
1986年 | 1篇 |
1985年 | 5篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 3篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 3篇 |
1979年 | 2篇 |
1977年 | 1篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1975年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有2483条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
81.
82.
建立了超声辅助提取/离子色谱法测定铬污染场地中铬(Ⅵ)的方法。选用0.3 mol/L的KCl溶液作提取剂,对12组土壤样品中的铬(Ⅵ)进行超声辅助提取20 min。采用Metrosep A Supp 4-250(250 mm×4.0mm)型阴离子分离柱,以4 mmol/L Na2CO3-1 mmol/L NaHCO3混合溶液为淋洗液对样品进行分离分析。铬(Ⅵ)在0.0120 mg/L浓度范围有较好的线性关系,相关系数(r2)为0.999 8;该方法的检出限为0.003 mg/L,加标回收率为96.4%106.8%,相对标准偏差(RSD,n=3)为0.56%。该方法具有简便、快速、准确等优点,适用于铬污染场地的监测与调查。 相似文献
83.
This study focuses on the development and extension of Multivariate Curve Resolution-Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) to the analysis of four-way datasets. The proposed extension of the MCR-ALS method with non-negativity and the newly developed quadrilinear constraints can be exploited to summarize and manage huge multidimensional datasets and resolve their four way component profiles. In this study, its application is demonstrated by analyzing a four-way data set obtained in a long term environmental monitoring study (15 sampling sites × 9 variables × 12 months × 7 years) belonging to the Yamuna River, one of the most polluted rivers of India and the largest tributary of the Ganges river. MCR-ALS resolved pollution profiles described appropriately the major observed changes on pH, organic pollution, bacteriological pollution and temperature, along with their spatial and temporal distribution patterns for the studied stretch of Yamuna River. Results obtained by MCR-ALS have also been compared with those obtained by another multi-way method, PARAFAC. The methodology used in this study is completely general and it can be applied to other multi-way datasets. 相似文献
84.
Heikki Torvela 《International journal of environmental analytical chemistry》2013,93(2):143-154
Abstract The determination of sulphur and heavy metals in plants is an integral part of many environmental studies. Pine needles (Pinus Sylvestris) have proved to be suitable air quality indicators for pollutants, especially for sulphur. This study was carried out in the vicinity of Kemi, a town situated on the Gulf of Bothnia in northern Finland. An industrial complex comprising two pulp and paper mills is located in the centre of the area. Scots pine (Pinus Sylvestris) needles were collected from 29 sampling sites. The samples were dried, homogenized and digested with nitric acid. The concentrations of the elements S, Fe, Zn, Ca, V, and Pb were determined by ICP-AES. According to our results pine needles (Pinus sylvestris) appear to be an ideal bioindicator and sampling material for identifying and assessing atmospheric sulphur pollution derived from pulp and paper mills and can complement the information provided by plant mapping studies around pulp and paper mills. 相似文献
85.
Tomasz Kowalkowski Hlanganani Tutu Leonard Mihaly Cozmuta Miroslav Sprynskyy Ewa M. Cukrowska Bogusław Buszewski 《International journal of environmental analytical chemistry》2013,93(10):797-811
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the mobility of heavy metals (HMs) in two types of soils (acidic forest soil and neutral agricultural soil) by leaching with calcium chloride solution in column experiments. The screening properties of neutral agricultural soil towards pollution by heavy metals (Ni, Cu, Zn and Cd) are approximately 10 times higher than those of acid forest soil. The neutral agricultural soil, polluted artificially by one pore volume (PV) of an HMs solution of concentration 200 mg L?1, can screen the leaching of these metals over several hundreds of years. The higher apparent desorption rate and per cent desorption of HMs (especially Cd) in acid forest soil indicated a higher potential of intensive migration of the metals across the profile and indicated potential risk of Cd pollution for this type of soil. The latest approach of artificial neural networks to describe transport of HMs in soil has been also evaluated. Using a simple three-layer perceptron topology with three hidden neurons, the experimental data could be simulated. The results suggested that the pH of soil is a major factor controlling the retention of the heavy metals in the soils. 相似文献
86.
Raiza Fernández Freddy Galarraga Zully Benzo Gonzalo Márquez M. Gabriela Requiz 《International journal of environmental analytical chemistry》2013,93(3):230-240
Biomonitoring of PAH air pollution using lichens was carried out. Sixteen PAHs were studied in 11 locations along the valley of Caracas (Venezuela). The results of this work indicate that 14 of the 16 analysed PAHs were highly accumulated into the lichen thalli of Pyxine coralligera Malme. PAH levels in the samples revealed that the several volatile PAHs (naphthalene, acenaphtylene, acenaphtene, and fluoranthene) have the highest levels in the majority of the studied locations. The fluoranthene/pyrene and phenantrene/antracene ratios suggested that the major sources of PAHs are anthropogenic, mainly associated with gasoline and diesel combustion (pyrolytic) and unburnt oil derivates (petrogenic). The total PAH concentrations obtained in the present study were in the range of 0.24 to 9.08?µg/g, similar to those reported by other works in European and Asian cities. 相似文献
87.
Abstract The use of methane chemical ionisation GC/MS gave satisfactory results when applied to environmental analysis of halogenated octylphenol polyethoxylates residues. In addition the selected ion monitoring GC/MS technique has been successfully applied for simulataneous qualitative and quantitative determination of some refractory metabolites of nonylphenol polyethoxylates in secondary sewage effluent and surface waters. 相似文献
88.
W. Van Borm P. Van Espen F. Adams M. Demuynck 《International journal of environmental analytical chemistry》2013,93(2-4):165-182
Abstract A methodology is described for the apportionment of zinc-containing particulate matter sampled in the vicinity of a zinc smelter to their corresponding sources in the factory. Bulk samples of particulate matter from six potential emission sources were analysed by automated electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) in order to characterize the individual particles. Based on a data set of relative peak intensities and with the aid of a binary clustering method, the most important particle classes were identified. They were used as a basis for the development of a set of disjunct identification rules (decision rules), which were able to describe the classes in a unique manner. Applying these rules upon ambient particulate data enabled the estimation of relative contributions of different types of zinc-containing particles. Evidence was found that a large number of particles was modified by a soil component or by gas phase reactions. 相似文献
89.
Joan Albaiges Joan Grimalt 《International journal of environmental analytical chemistry》2013,93(2-4):281-293
Abstract Two exercises (MEDCAL I and II) were conducted in our Department during November 1984 and October 1986, with participants from the Mediterranean region, for testing the IOC Manual for the determination of petroleum hydrocarbons in sediments (IOC, Manuals and Guides, No. 11). The gas chromatographic analysis of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction provided, at the best, a precision of 60% (relative standard deviation RSD) for n-alkanes (mean conc. 0.89 μg/g) and 56 % for the unresolved complex mixture (UCM) (mean conc. 16μg/g). The CPI and the pristane/phytane ratio provided better results (13% RSD). The aromatic fractions, analysed by UV-fluorescence, yielded in total a mean concentration of 10μg/g of chrysene equivalents with a 49% RSD. The extraction-partition step was confirmed to be the main source of error in the analysis because when the results were corrected for recoveries, the RSD were reduced to 17, 30 and 6% for n-alkanes, UCM and total aromatics, respectively. Our reference intra-laboratory precision was, respectively, 18, 14 and 14%. 相似文献
90.
Nagwa Burham Sayed R. Abdel-Hafeez Sami M. Abdel-Azeem Mohamed F. El-Shahat 《International journal of environmental analytical chemistry》2013,93(13):1413-1427
Dithiocarbamate modified polyurethane foam (DTC-PUF) was synthesized as a new solid-phase extraction sorbent for the preconcentration and determination of Fe(II), Mn(II) and Cu(II) in environmental samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Maximum extraction of the elements was achieved at pH 5–7 and flow rate 3 mL min?1. Quantitative desorption was achieved by 10 mL from 1.0 mol L?1 HCl solution. The capacity of the sorbent was 149.2 ± 0.5, 237.5 ± 0.2, 200.2 ± 0.1 μg g?1 and the limit of detection was of 0.015, 0.015 and 0.012 μg mL?1for Fe(II), Mn(II) and Cu(II), respectively. A preconcentration factor of 100 was obtained for all elements. The developed method was successfully applied to the determination of the tested elements in water (tap and lake) and plant (spinach and parsley leaves) samples and showed good recovery values from 98 to 111% with corresponding RSD values ranged from 0.6 to 8.6%. 相似文献