The specific standard described here constitutes the heart of the quality system set up by the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique
– French Atomic Energy Commission – for its main "Fundamental Research" entity, the Directorate for the Sciences of Matter.
It is a coherent standard (set of shared rules and provisions laid out in a clear fashion) designed, in the first instance,
to provide those taking part in research, including the hierarchy, with the means to satisfy their requirements in the field
of quality. And, secondly, to create the conditions for recognition of this action by third parties, which all research entities
must nowadays convince of their trustworthiness (supervisory ministries, research partners, industrial companies, etc.). This
standard places particular emphasis on the preponderant roles of initiative and freedom in fundamental research, which are
a prerequisite for creativity, innovation and, last but not least, the motivation of personnel. 相似文献
An appropriate Quality approach in fundamental research should have its roots in the very principles of the "scientific method".
Quality and fundamental research could thus reconcile at the condition, on the one hand, that Quality practioners understand
and take into account the reality of the "science in action" and, on the other hand, that scientists improve their awareness
of the new deal which is being made between science, technology and society as well as of the actual issues of Quality. A
modern Quality approach, well adapted to this specific activity, should help both scientists, decision-makers and the public
face the issues concerning the role of science in society in the future. In this context, I specify a number of practical
proposals concerning, in particular, the adaptation of the requirements of the quality approach to the type of research, the
distinction between the three major steps of a research programme (i.e. quality of the objective, the process and the results)
and the encouragement of experience feedback.
Received: 8 March 1998 / Accepted: 8 December 1998 相似文献
The role of optimization is central to economic analysis, particularly in its “neoclassical” phase, since about 1870, and is therefore highly compatible with the impulse behind linear programming (LP), as developed by Dantzig. LP’s stress on alternative activities fits very well with modern economic analysis. The concept of economic equilibrium, properly understood, required the central notion of complementary slackness. so central in LP.
LP was seen as a tool for actual implementation of neoclassical principles precisely at a time when the market was under attack from several directions. The economists Koopmans and Hurwicz played an important role both in stimulating the crucial development of the simplex method and in relating LP to the world of economics.
LP became widely used in national economic planning, particularly for developing countries, and for the study of individual industries, especially the energy sector. The works of Chenery and of Manne are central in these fields.
As respect for the usefulness of the market increased, the emphasis on national planning diminished and was replaced by an emphasis on equilibrium analysis, in which LP still plays a large part in the study of individual sectors, particularly energy. 相似文献