全文获取类型
收费全文 | 10035篇 |
免费 | 1388篇 |
国内免费 | 704篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 3670篇 |
晶体学 | 79篇 |
力学 | 2673篇 |
综合类 | 207篇 |
数学 | 2180篇 |
物理学 | 3318篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 25篇 |
2023年 | 82篇 |
2022年 | 284篇 |
2021年 | 270篇 |
2020年 | 338篇 |
2019年 | 265篇 |
2018年 | 291篇 |
2017年 | 355篇 |
2016年 | 432篇 |
2015年 | 339篇 |
2014年 | 403篇 |
2013年 | 835篇 |
2012年 | 533篇 |
2011年 | 551篇 |
2010年 | 442篇 |
2009年 | 476篇 |
2008年 | 544篇 |
2007年 | 530篇 |
2006年 | 550篇 |
2005年 | 496篇 |
2004年 | 445篇 |
2003年 | 463篇 |
2002年 | 334篇 |
2001年 | 326篇 |
2000年 | 317篇 |
1999年 | 307篇 |
1998年 | 243篇 |
1997年 | 207篇 |
1996年 | 187篇 |
1995年 | 188篇 |
1994年 | 143篇 |
1993年 | 132篇 |
1992年 | 129篇 |
1991年 | 95篇 |
1990年 | 90篇 |
1989年 | 56篇 |
1988年 | 78篇 |
1987年 | 49篇 |
1986年 | 37篇 |
1985年 | 46篇 |
1984年 | 37篇 |
1983年 | 16篇 |
1982年 | 39篇 |
1981年 | 27篇 |
1980年 | 18篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 19篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1957年 | 13篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
31.
Efficient Sequential Quadratic Programming Implementations for Equality-Constrained Discrete-Time Optimal Control 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Efficient sequential quadratic programming (SQP) implementations are presented for equality-constrained, discrete-time, optimal control problems. The algorithm developed calculates the search direction for the equality-based variant of SQP and is applicable to problems with either fixed or free final time. Problem solutions are obtained by solving iteratively a series of constrained quadratic programs. The number of mathematical operations required for each iteration is proportional to the number of discrete times N. This is contrasted by conventional methods in which this number is proportional to N
3. The algorithm results in quadratic convergence of the iterates under the same conditions as those for SQP and simplifies to an existing dynamic programming approach when there are no constraints and the final time is fixed. A simple test problem and two application problems are presented. The application examples include a satellite dynamics problem and a set of brachistochrone problems involving viscous friction. 相似文献
32.
Y. Yavin 《Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications》1993,78(1):77-91
Stochastic optimal control techniques are applied to compare the performance of identical medium-range air-to-air missiles which have different thrust-mass profiles. The measure of the performance is the probability of reaching a lock-on-point with a favorable range of guidance and flight parameters, during a fixed time interval [0,t
f
], given that, during the flight, the trajectories of the missile are subjected to a variety of constraints including dynamic pressure constraints. 相似文献
33.
尚英姿 《武汉大学学报(理学版)》2007,53(1):37-40
为了解决蛋白质三维结构比对需要处理大量的旋转、平移变换,直接用动态规划将变得十分繁琐这一问题,在保留蛋白质空间结构属性特征的基础上,对蛋白质三维数据进行了预先的处理.通过计算蛋白质结构在旋转和平移下的几何不变量,将蛋白质的三维结构坐标变换为具有旋转、平移不变性的一维序列.进一步给出了“距离”以及“相似得分”的定义.在此基础上采用动态规划方法给出了新的蛋白质结构比对算法.对专家分类的蛋白质结构数据库进行测试,结果显示准确、快速. 相似文献
34.
35.
Tatsuo Nakagawa Satoshi Fukura Munenori Nakai Kazumasa Sugiyama Ryohei Kokawa Hiroyuki Kagi 《Optical Review》2006,13(4):269-275
We constructed a scanning near-field optical microscope (SNOM) on a commercially available atomic force microscopy (AFM) apparatus
(SPM-9500J2; Shimadzu Corp.) to measure the stress distribution in ceramic composite materials. Features of our SNOM system
are: (1) a compact SNOM head substituted for the original AFM head; (2) a wide scanning range (125 × 125 μm2) inherited from the original scanner; (3) use of conventional shear-force regulation; (4) an optical system for the illumination-collection
(I-C) mode; (5) excitation by a 488 nm line of an Ar-ion laser, and (6) light detection by photon counting or a polychromator
equipped with an electronically cooled charge coupled device (CCD). This SNOM system was used to measure the surface structure
and stress distribution of an Al2O3/ZrO2 eutectic composite. We simultaneously measured topographic images and fluorescence spectra of an Al2O3/ZrO2 eutectic composite. We estimated its peak intensity, peak position, and peak width from the fluorescence spectrum during
scanning, which respectively correspond to the abundance of Al2O3, stress in the grain, and the anisotropy of that stress. Mapping images showed that the stress and its anisotropy were weaker
in the center of the Al2O3 grain than its boundary between Al2O3 and ZrO2. That observation suggests that Al2O3 underwent intense anisotropic stress induced by volume expansion in the phase transition of ZrO2 from the cubic phase to the monoclinic phase during preparation. 相似文献
36.
Han-xing Wang Xi Hu Qin Zhang 《应用数学学报(英文版)》2007,23(2):235-244
In this paper,we present a random graph model with spatial reuse for a mobile ad hoc network(MANET) based on the dynamic source routing protocol.Many important performance parameters of theMANET are obtained,such as the average flooding distance (AFD),the probability generating function of theflooding distance,and the probability of a flooding route to be symmetric.Compared with the random graphmodel without spatial reuse,this model is much more effective because it has a smaller value of AFD and alarger probability for finding a symmetric valid route. 相似文献
37.
混凝土动态劈裂拉伸试验的数值模拟 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
采用LS-DYNA有限元编码程序,对混凝土的动态劈裂拉伸试验进行了数值模拟,给出了混凝土试样在不同类型加载情况下应力分布之间的差异,证实了动态劈裂拉伸试验的有效性,提出了改进试验方法的若干结论. 相似文献
38.
C. Vaca‐Garcia G. Gozzelino W. G. Glasser M. E. Borredon 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2003,41(3):281-288
The main transitions of cellulose fatty esters with different degrees of substitution (DSs) were investigated with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Two distinct main relaxations were observed in partially substituted cellulose esters (PSCEs). They were attributed to the glass‐transition temperature and to the chain local motion of the aliphatic substituents. The temperatures of both transitions decreased when DS or the number of carbon atoms (n) of the acyl substituent increased. Conversely, all the transitions of fully substituted cellulose esters occurred within a narrow temperature range, and they did not vary significantly with n. This phenomenon was explained by the formation of a crystalline phase of the fatty substituents. The presence of few residual OH groups in PSCEs was responsible for a large increase in the storage bending modulus, and it eliminated the effect of n on damping. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 281–288, 2003 相似文献
39.
Aji P. Mathew Gabriel Groeninckx G. H. Michler H. J. Radusch Sabu Thomas 《Journal of Polymer Science.Polymer Physics》2003,41(14):1680-1696
The effects of the blend ratio and initiating system on the viscoelastic properties of nanostructured natural rubber/polystyrene‐based interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) were investigated in the temperature range of ?80 to 150 °C. The studies were carried out at different frequencies (100, 50, 10, 1, and 0.1 Hz), and their effects on the damping and storage and loss moduli were analyzed. In all cases, tan δ and the storage and loss moduli showed two distinct transitions corresponding to natural rubber and polystyrene phases, which indicated that the system was not miscible on the molecular level. However, a slight inward shift was observed in the IPNs, with respect to the glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) of the virgin polymers, showing a certain degree of miscibility or intermixing between the two phases. When the frequency increased from 0.1 to 100 Hz, the Tg values showed a positive shift in all cases. In a comparison of the three initiating systems (dicumyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide, and azobisisobutyronitrile), the dicumyl peroxide system showed the highest modulus. The morphology of the IPNs was analyzed with transmission electron microscopy. The micrographs indicated that the system was nanostructured. An attempt was made to relate the viscoelastic behavior to the morphology of the IPNs. Various models, such as the series, parallel, Halpin–Tsai, Kerner, Coran, Takayanagi, and Davies models, were used to model the viscoelastic data. The area under the linear loss modulus curve was larger than that obtained by group contribution analysis; this showed that the damping was influenced by the phase morphology, dual‐phase continuity, and crosslinking of the phases. Finally, the homogeneity of the system was further evaluated with Cole–Cole analysis. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1680–1696, 2003 相似文献
40.
In this paper, we exhibit a unified treatment of the mixed initial boundary value problem for second order (in time) parabolic linear differential equations in Banach spaces, whose boundary conditions are of a dynamical nature. Results regarding existence, uniqueness, continuous dependence (on initial data) and regularity of classical and strict solutions are established. Moreover, several examples are given as samples for possible applications.