钴-聚吡咯-碳载Pt催化剂的制备及其单电池性能研究

采用脉冲微波辅助化学还原法制备了钴-聚吡咯-碳载Pt催化剂(Pt/Co-PPy-C),并将其作为阴极催化剂,组装单电池。考察了电池运行温度和氢气/空气计量比对单电池性能的影响,并与商业Pt/C催化剂进行了耐久性实验比较。 结果表明,运行温度为70 ℃,氢气与空气的计量比为1.2:2.5时单电池性能最佳。600 mA/cm²恒电流稳定运行150 h耐久性测试中,以Pt/Co-PPy-C为阴极催化剂的单电池平均电压衰退率为0.119 mV/h,是商业Pt/C催化剂的26%。耐久性测试前后,单电池的阴极电荷传递阻抗为7.176和8.767 Ω,均比商业Pt/C催化剂阻抗小;Pt颗粒粒径从2.46 nm增长到3.18 nm,均小于商业Pt/C催化剂的粒径。这表明,以Pt/Co-PPy-C催化剂为阴极催化剂制备的单电池性能优良,在质子交换膜燃料电池中有广泛的应用前景。     

复合材料盒段耐久性／损伤容限试验研究

纤维增强复合材料结构的耐久性／损伤容限设计是目前飞机设计中极为关注的问题，但是，有关这方面的理论分析尚未成熟，本文通过对复合材料盒段的耐久性／损伤容限的试验研究，得到一些有关复合材料结构耐久性／损伤容限设计的结呆，可供复合材料结构设计和进一步理论探讨引介。     

Relevance of High Temperature Oxidative Stability Testing to Long Term Polymer Durability

In polymer degradation and durability studies, as well as predicting shelf-life for medical devices, one is confronted with the need for accurate prediction and difficulties of long term real-time evaluation. Various ways to accelerate the degradation process have met with mixed success. However, recently, in our own studies, a ‘master curve’ like behavior was found to be valid for polypropylene samples studied. Evidently, for samples obeying the master curve, very few data points at high temperatures can be scaled to obtain reasonably accurate estimates on long term durability. Nevertheless, in a reference medium density polyethylene (MDPE) film material, the high temperature oxidative induction time data appear to diverge when run under air atmosphere compared with oxygen environments. In this article, we will present data on many of the polymer systems studied with an emphasis on extrapolation schemes for high temperature accelerated data to lower temperature very long-term durability. In this context, polymer and antioxidant reactivity toward oxygen, morphology, and mechanical property dependence on extent of degradation all need to be considered. And the potential and limitations of this approach will be discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

两种不同结构的蓝色有机发光二极管

制备了两种不同结构的蓝色发光器件。其中阻挡层结构的器件为：ITO／CuPc/NPB/TPBi/Alq/MgAg;夹心型结构的器件为：ITO／CuPc/NPB/DPVBi:perylene/Alq/MgAg。两种器件的发射光谱分别为NPB和perylene的特征光谱,最高亮度和最大效率分别为3700cd/cm^2、6123cd/cm^2和0.781m/W,0.831m/W。然而,两种器件稳定性差异较大。用能级结构图分析了两种器件的发光特性和稳定性差异的原因。     

功能化超疏水材料的研究与发展

超疏水材料由于其独特的自清洁性能在日常生活和工业领域中有着广泛的应用前景。目前,随着单一功能化超疏水材料研究的成熟,超疏水材料性能的多样性,如透明性、耐磨耐久性、润湿性转换等,在基础研究和实际应用中受到了广泛的关注。透明超疏水涂层除了具备一般超疏水涂层的性能外还具有良好的透光性;而提高超疏水材料的耐磨耐久性在实际应用中具有极为重要的意义;润湿性转换则扩展了超疏水表面在油水分离等方面的应用。虽然已有较多关于超疏水材料的研究,但仍然无法满足人们对超疏水表面功能性的需求,因此研究功能化超疏水涂层具有更加深远的意义。本文综述了超疏水材料在透明性,耐磨耐久性,润湿性转换以及混合物分离等方面的研究进展,并展望了超疏水材料领域未来的研究热点和发展方向。     

高载量PtNi金属间化合物的氧还原电催化性能

采用改进的多元醇法制备了PtNi(原子比1∶1)质量分数为60%的高金属载量碳载PtNi合金(PtNi/C), 通过在450 ℃下退火处理获得了碳载PtNi金属间化合物氧还原电催化剂. 该催化剂对氧还原的质量比活性和面积比活性分别是商业化Pt/C(JM Pt/C)催化剂的1.66和2.3倍; 并且加速耐久性测试后PtNi金属间化合物催化剂的质量比活性仍与Pt/C的初始性能相当, 耐久性得到了大幅提升. PtNi/C金属间化合物催化剂氧还原活性和稳定性的提高归因于PtNi的有序原子排布结构及催化剂表面零价金属含量的提高.     

Nuclear Waste Storage in Gel-Derived Materials

For long life nuclear wastes (essentially actinides) research is in progress to propose new matrices with an improvement of the chemical durability. High silica content glasses present high chemical durability, and we describe a process to prepare silica glass embedding the nuclear waste. Porous silica (gel) is used as a host matrix for nuclear waste. Neodymium oxide and cerium oxide are used to simulate the actinide oxides. The gel is soaked in a solution containing the simulant in nitrate salt form.We investigate the effect of the porous network features (pore size distribution) on the ability of the material to soak up the simulating salts. A new kind of gel (composite aerogel) is proposed owing to its large permeability. After drying and nitrate decomposition, the composite material is fully sintered trapping the nuclear waste.The glass-ceramic materials (silica glass + simulating oxide) have been synthesized with simulant content close to 20 weight percent. We show that the 2 simulant oxides behave differently because of their ability to form silicate phases. The chemical durability of the glass-ceramics is investigated. The large improvement of the chemical durability (60 times) compared to the classical borosilicate glasses shows that this containment process can be a suitable way to confine actinides and long life nuclear wastes.     

常温常湿条件下Au/MeO~x催化剂上CO氧化性能

利用共沉淀法制备了Au/MeO~x催化剂(Me=Al,Co,Cr,Cu,Fe,Mn,Ni,Zn)。在常温常湿条件下,考察了不同氧化物负载的金基催化剂的CO氧化性能。结果表明,氧化物种类对催化剂的活性和稳定性均有较大的影响。Cu,Mn,Cr等氧化物负载的金基催化剂的活性较差,而Zn,Fe,Co,Ni,Al等金属氧化物负载的金基催化剂可将CO完全氧化,又具有一定的稳定性,在相同反应条件下,CO完全转化时的稳定性顺序为Au/ZnO>Au/α-Fe~2O~3>Au/Co~3O~4>Au/γ-Al~2O~3≈Au/NiO。还发现水对Au/MnO~x催化剂的活性和稳定性有负作用,而对180℃焙烧制备的Au/ZnO-180催化剂的活性和稳定性均有明显的湿度增强作用。     

Photo-ageing of a thermoplastic aromatic polyurethane in contact with artificial sweat

An artificial photo-ageing cell was adapted in order to study the behaviour of polymers partly immersed in artificial sweat. The goal was to select polymers and to transform them into objects that come in contact with the skin. The polymer studied in this paper is a thermoplastic aromatic polyurethane (TPU) with the following characteristics: soft, transparent, lightly yellow coloured and hypoallergenic. The ageing of this polymer was studied with or without the presence of light stabilizers, and with or without sweat. The physico-chemical changes in the TPU were analysed step by step during ageing. The differences in mass variation between the different ageing modes (with or without sweat; with or without stabilizers) provided information on the hydrolytic action of the sweat. The chemical changes that occurred around the irradiated or immersed surfaces were studied by IR-ATR spectrometry in order to characterize the photo-oxidation and hydrolytic effects as well as their coupling. The morphological modifications of the polymer were recorded by differential scanning calorimetry.     

车用燃料电池耐久性研究

经过世界范围内近十年的持续研发,车用燃料电池在能量效率、体积与质量功率密度、低温启动等功能特性方面已经取得了突破性进展,新一轮的燃料电池汽车产业化浪潮正在迫近。然而,燃料电池的耐久性仍没达到商业化目标,且耐久性问题涉及面广、挑战大,成为当前燃料电池汽车产业化的主要棘手问题,构成了车用燃料电池在车辆技术方面产业化的最后障碍。车用燃料电池的耐久性已经引起了世界各国研究人员的广泛关注,本文归纳分析了车用燃料电池催化剂及其载体、质子交换膜及电极离子导体、气体扩散层、金属双极板等关键材料及部件的性能衰减机制,以及梳理了应对性能衰减的新材料、新技术与系统控制策略等耐久性最新研究进展,最后对车用燃料电池失效机制及其缓解研究提出了新的方向,以期对认识和提升燃料电池耐久性具有指导和借鉴意义。