闪电连续电流的光谱分析及通道温度特性研究

连续电流是闪电放电过程中的一个重要子物理过程,它是指雷暴云局部电荷中心在回击之后沿原通道对地的持续放电过程。在连续电流阶段,原本发光微弱的通道其亮度有时会突然增强,这种现象被称为叠加了M分量,自20世纪连续电流被发现以来,国内外学者进行了许多观测研究。目前主要是利用电磁学和光学的观测手段揭示其放电和发光的宏观特征,利用光谱观测对其通道内部微观的发光信息和物理特性等的研究还很缺乏。如关于连续电流阶段放电通道内的温度特性参数目前鲜有报道,而温度是研究闪电连续电流放电通道物理特性所必需的基本参量,也是预防连续电流引起的雷电灾害事故所关心的参数。依据由无狭缝高速光谱仪观测的一次云对地闪电首次回击后叠加三个M分量的连续电流过程的光谱资料,分析了整个放电过程中光谱的演化特征,计算了连续电流放电过程电流核心通道和外围电晕通道的温度,研究了两者随通道高度的变化特性。结果表明,在初始回击阶段,通道的光辐射主要是激发能较高的一次电离的氮离子辐射,在之后连续电流阶段,通道的光辐射则主要是激发能较低的中性氮、氧原子辐射。离子线辐射在回击初期时最强,氢Hα线和红外波段的中性原子线在M1时最强,连续谱在M2时最强。近红外波段的四条线OⅠ 777.4, NⅠ 746.8, 821.6和868.3 nm在整个放电过程都可以被观测到。在连续电流阶段,电流核心通道温度为42 060～43 940 K,比相应回击核心通道温度高6 020～7 900 K;外围电晕通道温度为16 170～20 500 K;通道核心温度和电晕温度均随时间变化不大;通道核心温度随通道上升呈减小趋势,而外围电晕温度随通道上升呈增大趋势。     

SH波在正交各向异性功能梯度无限长条中心裂缝处的散射

研究了正交各向异性功能梯度材料无限长条中心裂缝对SH波的散射问题,为方便起见,材料两个方向的剪切模量和密度假定为指数模型.通过Fourier积分变换,将问题转化为对偶积分方程的求解.然后,用Copson方法求解对偶积分方程,定义了标准动应力强度因子,通过数值算例,讨论了在SH波作用下,裂缝尖端的标准动应力强度因子与入射波的频率、材料参数之间的关系.     

上覆单相弹性层饱和地基上弹性基础的竖向振动分析

基于Biot动力控制方程,运用Fourier积分变换技术,并按照混合边值条件和连续条件建立了上覆单相弹性层饱和地基上弹性基础竖向振动的对偶积分方程.利用正交多项式将对偶积分方程化简,得到了动力柔度系数随无量纲频率b0的变化关系曲线,从而得到了上覆单相弹性层饱和地基上弹性基础的竖向振动规律.数值分析结果表明,对于弹性基础,当弹性基础的挠曲刚度较大时,发现弹性基础的竖向振动特性与刚性基础的类同,可忽略挠曲刚度对竖向振动的影响,且当无量纲频率较小的时候,动力柔度系数Cv随着无量纲频率b0的变化而发生显著的变化,但当无量纲频率b0较大的时候,动力柔度系数Cv受无量纲频率的影响较小,甚至基本上不受影响.当弹性基础的挠曲刚度较小时,随着挠曲刚度的减小,弹性基础的竖向振动将发生显著的变化,动力柔度系数Cv的实部和虚部的绝对值均变大.     

多层地基上轴对称受荷刚性圆板问题

利用刚性圆板表面各点位移相等,并结合刚性圆板与地基表面的位移相容条件与光滑接触条件,经由Hankel变换,推导出了刚性圆板与分层地基表面接触应力的对偶积分方程;求解该对偶积分方程,再由多层地基应力与位移的传递矩阵解,并经Hankel逆变换,得到了多层地基上轴对称受荷刚性圆板问题的解.编制了计算程序,并进行了数值分析与计算.计算结果表明:对均匀地基而言,实际工程的计算分析可只考虑4倍刚性圆板直径以内深度范围内的应力与位移;而地基的分层性对地基的位移和应力有着较大的影响,简单地将均匀地基的结论推广到分层和非均匀地基是不恰当的.     

环Fq+uFq+vFq上的循环码和量子码

本文研究了环R=F_q+uF_q+vF_q(u²=u,v²=v,uv=vu=0)上的循环码构造量子码的方法.利用环R上循环码的分解与生成多项式,给出了R上一个循环码可以构造量子码的一个充要条件.作为这类循环码的应用,得到了新的非二元量子码.     

On the inverse problem of minimum spanning tree with partition constraints

In this paper we first discuss the properties of minimum spanning tree and minimum spanning tree with partition constraints. We then concentrate on the inverse problem of minimum spanning tree with partition constraints in which we need to adjust the weights of the edges in a network as less as possible so that a given spanning tree becomes the minimum one among all spanning trees that satisfy the partition restriction. Based on the calculation of maximum cost flow in networks, we propose a strongly polynomial algorithm for solving the problem.The author gratefully acknowledges the partial support of Croucher Foundation.     

特征函数展开解法的研究

以常微分方程的理论为基础,利用新的对偶变量、对偶微分矩阵和正交关系,以单连续坐标弹性体系为例,建立了与弹性力学求解新体系平行的特征函数展开解法.并将正交关系应用于可对角化边界条件的处理,实现了求解待定系数方程组的解耦,求得问题的显式封闭解.     

Entropy squeezing of a moving atom and control of noise of the quantum mechanical channel via the two-photon process

Based on the quantum information theory, we have investigated the entropy squeezing of a moving two-level atom interacting with the coherent field via the quantum mechanical channel of the two-photon process. The results are compared with those of atomic squeezing based on the Heisenberg uncertainty relation. The influences of the atomic motion and field-mode structure parameter on the atomic entropy squeezing and on the control of noise of the quantum mechanical channel via the two-photon process are examined. Our results show that the squeezed period, duration of optimal entropy squeezing of a two-level atom and the noise of the quantum mechanical channel can be controlled by appropriately choosing the atomic motion and the field-mode structure parameter, respectively. The quantum mechanical channel of two-photon process is an ideal channel for quantum information (atomic quantum state) transmission. Quantum information entropy is a remarkably accurate measure of the atomic squeezing.     

Development of FRET-based dual-excitation ratiometric fluorescent pH probes and their photocaged derivatives

Dual-excitation ratiometric fluorescent probes allow the measurement of fluorescence intensities at two excitation wavelengths, which should provide a built-in correction for environmental effects. However, most of the small-molecule dual-excitation ratiometric probes that have been reported thus far have shown rather limited separation between the excitation wavelengths (20-70 nm) and/or a very small molar absorption coefficient at one of the excitation wavelengths. These shortcomings can lead to cross-excitation and thus to errors in the measurement of fluorescence intensities and ratios. Herein, we report a FRET-based molecular strategy for the construction of small-molecule dual-excitation ratiometric probes in which the donor and acceptor excitation bands exhibit large separations between the excitation wavelengths and comparable excitation intensities, which is highly desirable for determining the fluorescence intensities and signal ratios with high accuracy. Based on this strategy, we created a coumarin-rhodamine FRET platform that was then employed to develop the first class of FRET-based dual-excitation ratiometric pH probes that have two well-resolved excitation bands (excitation separations>160 nm) and comparable excitation intensities. In addition, these pH probes may be considered as in a kind of "secured ratioing mode". As a further application of these pH probes, the dual-excitation ratiometric pH probes were transformed into the first examples of photocaged dual-excitation ratiometric pH probes to improve the spatiotemporal resolution. It is expected that the modular nature of our FRET-based molecular strategy should render it applicable to other small-molecule dual-dye energy-transfer systems based on diverse fluorescent dyes for the development of a wide range of dual-excitation ratiometric probes with outstanding spectral features, including large separations between the excitation wavelengths and comparable excitation intensities.     

Multi-shock structure of roll wavesStructure multi-chocs d'ondes à rouleaux

The special class of periodic travelling waves which is known as roll waves is investigated for nonhomogeneous hyperbolic equations of gas dynamics type. In this Note these equations are applied to shallow water flows in inclined open channels, but the results obtained are more general and far-reaching. The necessary conditions for the existence of a roll wave are derived. It is shown that for a nonconvex pressure term, multi-shock configurations of roll waves of finite amplitude exist. A new type of periodic travelling wave, which corresponds to the slug flow regime in two-layer flows, is found. To cite this article: A. Boudlal, V.Yu. Liapidevskii, C. R. Mecanique 332 (2004).