Raman Method in Identification of Species and Varieties,Assessment of Plant Maturity and Crop Quality—A Review

The present review covers reports discussing potential applications of the specificity of Raman techniques in the advancement of digital farming, in line with an assumption of yield maximisation with minimum environmental impact of agriculture. Raman is an optical spectroscopy method which can be used to perform immediate, label-free detection and quantification of key compounds without destroying the sample. The authors particularly focused on the reports discussing the use of Raman spectroscopy in monitoring the physiological status of plants, assessing crop maturity and quality, plant pathology and ripening, and identifying plant species and their varieties. In recent years, research reports have presented evidence confirming the effectiveness of Raman spectroscopy in identifying biotic and abiotic stresses in plants as well as in phenotyping and digital selection of plants in farming. Raman techniques used in precision agriculture can significantly improve capacities for farming management, crop quality assessment, as well as biological and chemical contaminant detection, thereby contributing to food safety as well as the productivity and profitability of agriculture. This review aims to increase the awareness of the growing potential of Raman spectroscopy in agriculture among plant breeders, geneticists, farmers and engineers.     

Deep Image Steganography Using Transformer and Recursive Permutation

Image steganography, which usually hides a small image (hidden image or secret image) in a large image (carrier) so that the crackers cannot feel the existence of the hidden image in the carrier, has become a hot topic in the community of image security. Recent deep-learning techniques have promoted image steganography to a new stage. To improve the performance of steganography, this paper proposes a novel scheme that uses the Transformer for feature extraction in steganography. In addition, an image encryption algorithm using recursive permutation is proposed to further enhance the security of secret images. We conduct extensive experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. We reveal that the Transformer is superior to the compared state-of-the-art deep-learning models in feature extraction for steganography. In addition, the proposed image encryption algorithm has good attributes for image security, which further enhances the performance of the proposed scheme of steganography.     

Solubility Optimization of Loxoprofen as a Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug: Statistical Modeling and Optimization

Industrial-based application of supercritical CO₂ (SCCO₂) has emerged as a promising technology in numerous scientific fields due to offering brilliant advantages, such as simplicity of application, eco-friendliness, and high performance. Loxoprofen sodium (chemical formula C₁₅H₁₈O₃) is known as an efficient nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), which has been long propounded as an effective alleviator for various painful disorders like musculoskeletal conditions. Although experimental research plays an important role in obtaining drug solubility in SCCO₂, the emergence of operational disadvantages such as high cost and long-time process duration has motivated the researchers to develop mathematical models based on artificial intelligence (AI) to predict this important parameter. Three distinct models have been used on the data in this work, all of which were based on decision trees: K-nearest neighbors (KNN), NU support vector machine (NU-SVR), and Gaussian process regression (GPR). The data set has two input characteristics, P (pressure) and T (temperature), and a single output, Y = solubility. After implementing and fine-tuning to the hyperparameters of these ensemble models, their performance has been evaluated using a variety of measures. The R-squared scores of all three models are greater than 0.9, however, the RMSE error rates are 1.879 × 10⁻⁴, 7.814 × 10⁻⁵, and 1.664 × 10⁻⁴ for the KNN, NU-SVR, and GPR models, respectively. MAE metrics of 1.116 × 10⁻⁴, 6.197 × 10⁻⁵, and 8.777 × 10⁻⁵errors were also discovered for the KNN, NU-SVR, and GPR models, respectively. A study was also carried out to determine the best quantity of solubility, which can be referred to as the (x₁ = 40.0, x₂ = 338.0, Y = 1.27 × 10⁻³) vector.     

A Novel Method for Pattern Recognition of GIS Partial Discharge via Multi-Information Ensemble Learning

Partial discharge (PD) is the main feature that effectively reflects the internal insulation defects of gas-insulated switchgear (GIS). It is of great significance to diagnose the types of insulation faults by recognizing PD to ensure the normal operation of GIS. However, the traditional diagnosis method based on single feature information analysis has a low recognition accuracy of PD, and there are great differences in the diagnosis effect of various insulation defects. To make the most of the rich insulation state information contained in PD, we propose a novel multi-information ensemble learning for PD pattern recognition. First, the ultra-high frequency and ultrasonic data of PD under four typical defects of GIS are obtained through experiment. Then the deep residual convolution neural network is used to automatically extract discriminative features. Finally, multi-information ensemble learning is used to classify PD types at the decision level, which can complement the shortcomings of the independent recognition of the two types of feature information and has higher accuracy and reliability. Experiments show that the accuracy of the proposed method can reach 97.500%, which greatly improves the diagnosis accuracy of various insulation defects.     

Harnessing Protein-Ligand Interaction Fingerprints to Predict New Scaffolds of RIPK1 Inhibitors

Necroptosis has emerged as an exciting target in oncological, inflammatory, neurodegenerative, and autoimmune diseases, in addition to acute ischemic injuries. It is known to play a role in innate immune response, as well as in antiviral cellular response. Here we devised a concerted in silico and experimental framework to identify novel RIPK1 inhibitors, a key necroptosis factor. We propose the first in silico model for the prediction of new RIPK1 inhibitor scaffolds by combining docking and machine learning methodologies. Through the data analysis of patterns in docking results, we derived two rules, where rule #1 consisted of a four-residue signature filter, and rule #2 consisted of a six-residue similarity filter based on docking calculations. These were used in consensus with a machine learning QSAR model from data collated from ChEMBL, the literature, in patents, and from PubChem data. The models allowed for good prediction of actives of >90, 92, and 96.4% precision, respectively. As a proof-of-concept, we selected 50 compounds from the ChemBridge database, using a consensus of both molecular docking and machine learning methods, and tested them in a phenotypic necroptosis assay and a biochemical RIPK1 inhibition assay. A total of 7 of the 47 tested compounds demonstrated around 20–25% inhibition of RIPK1’s kinase activity but, more importantly, these compounds were discovered to occupy new areas of chemical space. Although no strong actives were found, they could be candidates for further optimization, particularly because they have new scaffolds. In conclusion, this screening method may prove valuable for future screening efforts as it allows for the exploration of new areas of the chemical space in a very fast and inexpensive manner, therefore providing efficient starting points amenable to further hit-optimization campaigns.     

X射线对CCD噪声影响的分析及滤波方法研究

通过实验分析了X射线对CCD的影响以及射线噪声的特点 ,并针对这种噪声的性质提出了菱形均值滤波器。经过计算机仿真滤波实验和实际应用 ,与递归与非递归中值滤波器作了对比 ,表明该滤波器不但能有效滤除脉冲噪声 ,而且能够较好地保持图像边缘和细节。     

基于热图像的种蛋气室变化监测算法

种蛋气室的大小是监测种蛋孵化过程的重要指标之一。根据种蛋的热力学结构,种蛋在孵化过程中,包裹气室部分蛋壳会与其他部分蛋壳产生温差,从而可通过热红外图像进行观察。针对在种蛋孵化过程中,人工照蛋检测气室效率低的问题,探索设计了一种基于热图像的种蛋气室变化俯视监测算法。监测种蛋气室热图像的算法主要包括种蛋目标检测,种蛋图像分割和种蛋气室面积计算3个部分,其中种蛋的目标检测采用Faster-RCNN算法实现;种蛋图像分割采用BP神经网络算法实现;种蛋气室面积是在种蛋图像分割的基础上进行计算。使用孵化5天及以上的种蛋作为研究对象,并拍取种蛋的热图像进行试验。试验结果表明：种蛋热图像的目标检测的平均精度（mAP）为99.85%,拥有较好的检测效果。使用BP网络对种蛋进行图像分割。BP神经网络经过调参后,其网络最佳的结构为三层隐藏层,每个隐藏层拥有1 000个神经元,最优初始学习率为0.000 1,最优最大迭代次数为500。以F1-measure作为分割效果的评价指标,BP神经网络的图像分割总体结果为87.02%,Otsu算法的总体结果为65.25%。其中只有一个蛋的情况下,BP神经网络的分割结果为87.17%,Otsu算法的结果为68.86%。存在其他种蛋的干扰条件下,BP神经网络的分割结果为86.94%,Otsu算法的结果为61.64%,BP神经网络的分割效果优于Otsu分割算法,BP神经网络拥有更强的抗干扰能力。最后提取了孵化5～19 d种蛋的气室变化,通过观察种蛋气室大小曲线来监测种蛋的孵化情况,可看出随着天数的增加,气室有着明显变大的趋势。人工测量法与热红外测量法比较结果说明两者相关性为0.934 3,拥有较好的相关性。基于热图像的种蛋气室变化监测算法可在实际生产中实现种蛋的识别与气室大小的快速监测,为实现监测种蛋孵化的自动化提供了技术参考。     

Machine learning-based direct solver for one-to-many problems on temporal shaping of relativistic electron beams

To control the temporal profile of a relativistic electron beam to meet requirements of various advanced scientific applications like free-electron-laser and plasma wakefield acceleration, a widely-used technique is to manipulate the dispersion terms which turns out to be one-to-many problems. Due to their intrinsic one-to-many property, current popular stochastic optimization approaches on temporal shaping may face the problems of long computing time or sometimes suggesting only one solution. Here we propose a real-time solver for one-to-many problems of temporal shaping, with the aid of a semi-supervised machine learning method, the conditional generative adversarial network (CGAN). We demonstrate that the CGAN solver can learn the one-to-many dynamics and is able to accurately and quickly predict the required dispersion terms for different custom temporal profiles. This machine learning-based solver is expected to have the potential for wide applications to one-to-many problems in other scientific fields.     

传输线中脉冲信号反射波的测量和应用

将高频单脉冲信号输入同轴电缆，借助数字存储示波器记录输入、输出端的波形和相对延时，可以测量传输线的电缆长度和衰减系数，同时观察脉冲波形因色散引起的畸变．     

夹心式压电换能器的谐振频率跟踪方案设计

分析了夹心式压电换能器的阻抗特性,讨论了基于相位方式的现有跟踪方案的不足,提出了一种新的频率跟踪方案,介绍了实现该方案的电路系统。该方案的特点是:采用先扫频后跟踪的策略,解决了频率范围设定难的问题;增加解锁控制,使得系统在死锁或误跟踪时自动回到频率搜索状态;采用直接数字合成器(DDS)作为频率调整和信号产生的器件,实现了全数字系统,调整方便,精度高;采用复杂可编程逻辑器件(CPLD)做相位比较和DDS控制,使频率跟踪速度快,并且跟踪精度和速度均可控制。