快速多极边界元法用于扩散光学断层成像研究

在求解扩散光学断层成像中的正向问题时, 目前普遍采用有限元法, 但是随着实际模型规模的增大, 有限元法的计算量问题日益显著, 而边界元法则由于可以降低计算维度使计算量减少而备受关注. 本文以均匀的高散射介质为模型, 研究了将快速多极边界元法用于扩散光学断层成像的正向问题. 快速多极边界元法利用核函数的多极展开, 将常规边界元法中系数矩阵和迭代矢量的乘积项等价为相应四叉树结构的一次递归, 再结合广义最小残量法进行迭代求解. 将计算结果和蒙特卡罗法的模拟结果进行了比较, 表明利用快速多极边界元法的模拟结果和蒙特卡罗法的结果有很好的一致性. 研究结果验证了快速多极边界元法可以用于扩散光学断层成像, 为其大规模和实时成像带来可观的前景. 关键词： 扩散光学断层成像 边界元法 快速多极边界元法     

A globally convergent numerical method for an inverse elliptic problem of optical tomography

A new globally convergent numerical method is developed for an inverse problem for the elliptic equation with the unknown potential. The boundary data simulating measurements in optical tomography are generated by the running source. Global convergence analysis is presented along with numerical experiments.     

Passive signal enhancement in spatially offset Raman spectroscopy

We demonstrate experimentally, for the first time, the feasibility of enhancing signals in Spatially Offset Raman Spectroscopy (SORS) using a dielectric bandpass filter, building on our earlier experimental work on the enhancement of transmission Raman signals. The method is shown to lead to the enhancement of both the surface and subsurface Raman layer signal improving the signal‐to‐noise ratio of Raman spectra from the deep areas of samples, thus enhancing the technique's sensitivity and penetration depth. The filter is placed over the laser illumination zone, on the sample surface acting as a ‘unidirectional’ mirror transmitting the collimated laser beam on one side and reflecting photons escaping from the sample back into it. This enhances the degree of coupling of laser radiation into the medium and associated generated Raman signal. The feasibility study was performed on a two‐layer sample with the second layer located at the limit of the penetration depth of the method for this sample. The sample consisted of a 2.2‐mm over‐layer of a thinned paracetamol tablet followed by a 2‐mm layer of trans‐stilbene powder. The Raman signal was collected from a spatially offset region through a hole fabricated within the filter. The experiments demonstrate the presence of an enhancement of the Raman signal from both the layers by a factor of 4.4–4.5 and the improved signal‐to‐noise ratio of sublayer signal by a factor of 2.2, in agreement with photon shot noise dominated signal. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Engineering nanostructures of CuO-based photocatalysts for water treatment: Current progress and future challenges

Nowadays, increasing extortions regarding environmental problems and energy scarcity have stuck the development and endurance of human society. The issue of inorganic and organic pollutants that exist in water from agricultural, domestic, and industrial activities has directed the development of advanced technologies to address the challenges of water scarcity efficiently. To solve this major issue, various scientists and researchers are looking for novel and effective technologies that can efficiently remove pollutants from wastewater. Nanoscale metal oxide materials have been proposed due to their distinctive size, physical and chemical properties along with promising applications. Cupric Oxide (CuO) is one of the most commonly used benchmark photocatalysts in photodegradation owing to the fact that they are cost-effective, non-toxic, and more efficient in absorption across a significant fraction of solar spectrum. In this review, we have summarized synthetic strategies of CuO fabrication, modification methods with applications for water treatment purposes. Moreover, an elaborative discussion on feasible strategies includes; binary and ternary heterojunction formation, Z-scheme based photocatalytic system, incorporation of rare earth/transition metal ions as dopants, and carbonaceous materials serving as a support system. The mechanistic insight inferring photo-induced charge separation and transfer, the functional reactive radical species involved in a photocatalytic reaction, have been successfully featured and examined. Finally, a conclusive remark regarding current studies and unresolved challenges related to CuO are put forth for future perspectives.     

A higher‐order unsplit 2D direct Eulerian finite volume method for two‐material compressible flows based on the MOOD paradigms

A higher‐order unsplit multi‐dimensional discretization of the diffuse interface model for two‐material compressible flows proposed by R. Saurel, F. Petitpas and R. A. Berry in 2009 is developed. The proposed higher‐order method is based on the concepts of the Multidimensional Optimal Order Detection (MOOD) method introduced in three recent papers for single‐material flows. The first‐order unsplit multi‐dimensional Finite Volume discretization presented by SPB serves as foundation for the development of the higher‐order unlimited schemes. Specific detection criteria along with a novel decrementing algorithm for the MOOD method are designed in order to deal with the complexity of multi‐material flows. Numerically, we compare errors and computational times on several 1D problems (stringent shock tube and cavitation problems) computed on 2D meshes with the second‐ and fourth‐order MOOD methods using a classical MUSCL method as reference. Several simulations of a 2D shocked R22 bubble in the air are also presented on Cartesian and unstructured meshes with the second‐ and fourth‐order MOOD methods, and qualitative comparisons confirm the conclusions obtained with 1D problems. These numerical results demonstrate the robustness of the MOOD approach and the interest of using more than second‐order methods even for locally singular solutions of complex physics models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应用原位漫反射红外-质谱技术研究CuO/Al2O3催化剂表面酸性及其反应性能

应用原位漫反射红外-质谱联用、程序升温和暂态响应技术研究了CuO/Al₂O₃催化剂表面酸性及其反应性能. 实验结果表明, CuO/Al₂O₃催化剂表面呈Lewis酸性, 硫化不仅可增强CuO/Al₂O₃催化剂的Lewis酸性, 而且可产生新的Brønsted酸性位; 吸附于Lewis酸性位的NH₃具有选择性催化还原(SCR)活性. 而在硫化样Cu8(400S)中Lewis和Brønsted酸性位同时存在的情况下, 吸附于Lewis和Brønsted酸性位的氨均具有SCR活性, 且后者较前者弱; CuO/Al₂O₃催化剂上的SCR反应遵循Eley-Rideal机理, 即SCR反应发生于吸附态NH₃与气相NO之间.     

微晶萘固相反射散射分光光度法测定钼的研究

研究了微晶萘萃取钼与吡咯烷基二硫代甲酸铵配合物的条件,并设计了固相反射散射分光光度法直接测定萘相中钼的含量。方法有较好的选择性,可以在钨存在下直接测定地质样品中钼的含量,方法检出限为０．０２３μｇ／ｍｌ相对标准偏差为４．２％。     

Anisotropy of Interfaces in an Ordered HCP Binary Alloy

A multiple-order-parameter mean-field theory of ordering on a binary hexagonal- close-packed (HCP) crystal structure is developed, and adapted to provide a continuum formulation that incorporates the underlying symmetries of the HCP crystal in both the bulk and gradient energy terms of the free energy. The work is an extension of the previous treatment by Braun et al. [Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. A 355:1787 (1997)] of order–disorder transitions on a face-centered-cubic crystal (FCC) lattice. The theory is used to compute the orientation dependence of the structure and energy of interphase and antiphase boundaries in ordering to the Cd₃Mg and CdMg structures, which are the HCP analogs of Cu₃Au and CuAu structures in FCC. As in the corresponding FCC case, the multiple order parameters do not form a vector. Anisotropy is a natural consequence of the underlying crystal symmetries and the multiple-order-parameter continuum formation presented here. The isotropy transverse to the sixfold axis expected for a scalar order parameter is not found.     

频域近红外光学成像法的苹果内部病变检测精度

苹果组织内部的病变会导致其光学参数发生变化。用频域近红外光学成像法（FD-DOT）对苹果组织进行吸收系数和约化散射系数的检测,并结合三维重构技术得到的重构图像可以直观地了解苹果内部的病变情况,从而实现对苹果内部病变的无损检测。选择可最大程度区分苹果正常组织与病变组织所对应的波长为740 nm的光作为激光光源。当FD-DOT的入射光调制频率不同、苹果内部病变的程度不同、病变位置和大小不同时,会导致成像精度的变化,设计了一系列模拟仿真实验研究以上因素对苹果内部病变检测精度的影响：设定不同的激光调制频率,研究调制频率对重构图像精度的影响;在苹果模型中某一位置添加不同大小的球形病变,研究病变区域大小对重构图像精度的影响;在苹果模型中不同位置添加一定大小的异质体,研究病变位置不同对重构图像精度的影响。首先用Abaqus建立苹果有限元网格模型,设计了12个740 nm的近红外激光光源和6个检测器均匀排布在苹果模型表面,根据实验需要,在组织体模型中添加代表病变的球形异质体,用经过高频调制的光源照射进苹果,检测出射光的交流幅度和相位延迟,然后借助开源软件NIRFAST计算并反推出待测苹果内部的吸收系数和约化散射系数分布并进行三维重构,重构结果可以用重构图像的吸收系数对比度噪声比（CNR值）和吸收系数分布图进行评价。实验结果表明,想要检测到尺寸较大苹果的深处病变,需要较高的入射光调制频率;该方法可以检测到大小适宜的苹果中大部分半径大于5 mm的球形病变区域,且随着病变区域在一定范围内扩大,重构图像的精度逐渐增加,但病变区域过大时,图像精度开始降低;病变区域距离检测器越来越近时,重构图像的精度逐渐增加,但当病变区域与检测器距离过小时,重构图像的精度有降低的趋势;病变区域距离检测器平面的垂直距离越近,重构图像的精度越高。以上实验结果将为应用频域近红外光学成像法对苹果进行无损检测奠定良好基础。