STZ诱导大鼠1型糖尿病进行性脑萎缩的磁共振成像及组织化学研究

1型糖尿病(T1DM)是一种慢性代谢疾病,主要表现为胰岛素分泌量较正常情况下降,会对人体的多个器官和系统造成持续性的损伤．关于糖尿病的横向研究发现糖尿病患者相比于正常人存在着显著的脑萎缩,但关于糖尿病引起的脑萎缩随时间发生进行性改变的研究比较少见．实验采用腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(STZ)来诱导建立大鼠的1型糖尿病模型,运用磁共振成像(MRI)的方法对萎缩的脑区进行定位并在造模后12周和20周两个时间点对脑萎缩的程度进行对比分析,然后运用组织化学染色的方法观察在MRI上出现进行性萎缩的脑区中的神经元所发生的病理改变．MRI的结果表明：STZ诱导的T1DM大鼠相比于正常对照组大鼠出现了显著性的全脑体积、灰质体积和白质体积的萎缩,并且在多个白质脑区和灰质脑区均出现了萎缩程度随着病程的延长而逐渐加重．组织化学染色的结果发现,STZ诱导的T1DM大鼠相对于正常对照组大鼠在体感皮层、运动皮层和海马CA3区,均出现明显的神经元萎缩现象．     

Influence of Dietary Chitosan Feeding Duration on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in a Diabetic Rat Model

This study was designed to investigate the influence of dietary chitosan feeding-duration on glucose and lipid metabolism in diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin and nicotinamide [a non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) model]. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were used as experimental animals and divided into short-term (6 weeks) and long-term (11 weeks) feeding durations, and each duration contained five groups: (1) control, (2) control + 5% chitosan, (3) diabetes, (4) diabetes + 0.8 mg/kg rosiglitazone (a positive control), and (5) diabetes + 5% chitosan. Whether the chitosan feeding was for 6 or 11 weeks, the chitosan supplementation decreased blood glucose and lipids levels and liver lipid accumulation. However, chitosan supplementation decreased plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, insulin levels, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity. Meanwhile, it increased plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL)-cholesterol level, plasma angiopoietin-like-4 protein expression, and plasma triglyceride levels (at 11-week feeding duration only). Taken together, 11-week (long-term) chitosan feeding may help to ameliorate the glucose and lipid metabolism in a NIDDM diabetic rat model.     

富含微量元素中药煎剂对2型糖尿病疗效观察

为了观察富含微量元素中药煎剂对2型糖尿病（T2DM）的疗效,将门诊64名血糖控制不满意的T2DM患者分为增加富含微量元素中药煎剂组（观察组）和不增加组（对照组）,服药3个月后比较。结果表明,观察组的空腹血糖（FPG）、空腹血清胰岛素（Fins）和糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）3月后明显下降（P〈0．01）;3月后观察组的FPG、Fins和HbA1c较对照组明显下降（P〈0．01）。可见增加富含微量元素中药煎剂对血糖难以控制的T2DM的FPG、Fins和HbA1c能够起到有效控制作用。     

Low molecular weight proteins in urines from healthy subjects as well as diabetic,nephropathic and diabetic‐nephropathic patients: a MALDI study

Urine samples from healthy subjects as well as diabetic, nephropathic and diabetic‐nephropathic patients were analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry in order to establish evidence of some possible differences in the peptide profile related to the pathological states. Multivariate analysis suggested the possibility of a distinction among the considered groups of patients. Some differences have been found, in particular, in the relative abundances of three ions at m/z 1912, 1219 and 2049. For these reasons, further investigation was carried out by MALDI/TOF/TOF to determine the sequence of these peptides and, consequently, to individuate their possible origin. By this approach, the peptide at m/z 1912 was found to originate from uromodulin, and its lower expression in the case of nephropathy can be well related to the pathological condition. Ions at m/z 2049 and 1219 originate from the collagen α‐1(I) chain precursor and from the collagen α‐5 (IV) chain precursor, respectively, and, also in this case, their different expressions can be related to the pathologies under investigation. The obtained data seem to indicate that urine is an interesting biological fluid to investigate on the peptide profile and to obtain, consequently, information on the dismetabolism activated by specific pathologies. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Protective effect of total aralosides of Aralia elata (Miq) Seem (TASAES) against diabetic cardiomyopathy in rats during the early stage, and possible mechanisms

Total aralosides of Aralia elata (Miq) Seem (TASAES) from Chinese traditional herb Longya Aralia chinensis L was found to improve cardiac function. The present study was to determine the protective effects of TASAES on diabetic cardiomyopathy, and the possible mechanisms. Therefore, a single dose of streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes in Wister rats. Diabetic rats were immediately treated with low, medium and high doses of TASAES at 4.9, 9.8 mg/kg and 19.6 mg/kg body weight by gavage, respectively, for eight weeks. Cardiac function was evaluated by in situ hemodynamic measurements, and patch clamp for the L-type Ca²⁺ channel current (I_Ca²⁺-L) and transient outward K⁺ channel current (I_to). Histopathological changes were observed under light and electron microscope. The expression of pro-fibrotic factor, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was monitored using immunohistochemistry staining. Compared with diabetic group, medium and high doses, but not low dose, of TASAES showed a significant protection against diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction, shown by increased absolute value of left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and maximum rates of pressure development (±dp/dt_max), and enhanced amplitude of I_Ca²⁺-L (P < 0.05). Histological staining indicated a significant inhibition of diabetes-caused pathological changes and up-regulation of CTGF expression (P < 0.05). The results suggest that TASAES prevents diabetes-induced cardiac dysfunction and pathological damage through up-regulating I_Ca²⁺-L in cardiac cells and decreasing CTGF expression.     

A Zinc(II)/poly(gamma-glutamic acid) complex as an oral therapeutic for the treatment of type-2 diabetic KKAy mice

In developing new insulin-mimetic zinc(II) complexes with various ligands including a biodegradable polymer, we prepared and characterized a Zn(gamma-pga) complex in solution as well as in solid, and investigated its in vitro insulin-mimetic activity and in vivo antidiabetic effect in type-2 diabetic KKA(y) mice. The in vitro insulin-mimetic activity of the Zn(gamma-pga) complex was considerable better than that of ZnSO(4). The Zn(gamma-pga) complex normalized the hyperglycemia in KKA(y) mice within 21 d when administrated orally at doses of 10-20 mg (0.15-0.31 mmol) Zn per kg body mass for 30 d. In addition, the impaired glucose tolerance, elevated HbA(1c) levels and metabolic syndromes were significantly improved in Zn(gamma-pga)-treated KKA(y) mice relative to those administrated with saline and ZnSO(4).     

Comparison of a homology model and the crystallographic structure of human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in a structure-based identification of inhibitors

Summary Human 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) catalyzes the interconversion of cortisone into active cortisol. 11βHSD1 inhibition is a tempting target for the treatment of a host of human disorders that might benefit from blockade of glucocorticoid action, such as obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes type 2. Here, we report an in silico screening study aimed at identifying new selective inhibitors of human 11βHSD1 enzyme. In the first step, homology modeling was employed to build the 3D structure of 11βHSD1. Further, molecular docking was used to validate the predicted model by showing that it was able to discriminate between known 11βHSD1 inhibitors or substrates and non-inhibitors. The homology model was found to reproduce closely the crystal structure that became publicly available in the final stages of this work. Finally, we carried out structure-based virtual screening experiments on both the homology model and the crystallographic structure with a database of 114’000 natural molecules. Among these, 15 molecules were consistently selected as inhibitors based on both the model and crystal structures of the enzyme, implying a good quality for the homology model. Among these putative 11βHSD1 inhibitors, two were flavonone derivatives that have already been shown to be potent inhibitors of the enzyme.     

New leads for selective GSK-3 inhibition: pharmacophore mapping and virtual screening studies

Summary Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 is a regulatory serine/threonine kinase, which is being targeted for the treatment of a number of human diseases including type-2 diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative diseases, cancer and chronic inflammation. Selective GSK-3 inhibition is an important requirement owing to the possibility of side effects arising from other kinases. A pharmacophore mapping strategy is employed in this work to identify new leads for selective GSK-3 inhibition. Ligands known to show selective GSK-3 inhibition were employed in generating a pharmacophore map using distance comparison method (DISCO). The derived pharmacophore map was validated using (i) important interactions involved in selective GSK-3 inhibitions, and (ii) an in-house database containing different classes of GSK-3 selective, non-selective and inactive molecules. New Lead identification was carried out by performing virtual screening using validated pharmacophoric query and three chemical databases namely NCI, Maybridge and Leadquest. Further data reduction was carried out by employing virtual filters based on (i) Lipinski’s rule of 5 (ii) van der Waals bumps and (iii) restricting the number of rotatable bonds to seven. Final screening was carried out using FlexX based molecular docking study.     

托品酮衍生物的合成及抗糖尿病活性

从6-羟基托品酮出发,经过羟基的乙酰基化和苯甲酰基化,再通过还原氨化高效地得到含有活泼胺基的2个母核化合物。 2个母核化合物与不同的酰氯反应,得到一系列托品酮衍生物。 该衍生物经过体外过氧化物酶增生因子活化受体γ亚型（PPARγ）激活、二肽基肽酶Ⅳ （DPP-Ⅳ）抑制实验,发现多数化合物对DPP-Ⅳ显示抑制活性,其中2个化合物(3 μmol/L DMSO溶液)对DPP-Ⅳ抑制率超过30%。     

葡萄糖浓度对THz频段血液光学特性的影响

无创性血糖检测仍是糖尿病患者护理安全舒适的现实科学任务。本文研究了血糖光学特性与血糖浓度之间的相关性。用时域THz光谱研究了全血在0.3~0.5 THz频率范围内的透射谱。在注射胰岛素后的短时间内,由同一糖尿病患者产生了生物样品。得到了血液光学特性的频散特性。基于频散,给出了血糖浓度与折射率和介电常数的关系式。这项工作是复杂研究的一部分,重点是无创葡萄糖测量技术的发展。记录血糖水平与血液光学参数之间的依赖关系,使得将来可以使用反射光谱技术进行无创血糖水平检测。