Decision Effects,the Hahn–Jordan Decomposition for States,and Their Connection to Ludwig’s Axiomatic Approach to Quantum Mechanics

We begin with a quantum logic carrying a large collection of states. We then form a dual pair of Banach spaces—base normed and order unit normed—containing the states and the logic, respectively. A Galois connection on the face lattices of the states and the dual positive order unit interval is introduced. The elements of the logic are connected to a dense subset of the extreme points of this order interval in the order unit space using a generalized form of the Hahn–Jordan decomposition theorem. Decision effects are defined and identified with the elements of the original logic. Finally, an important axiom of Ludwig is introduced which ties together all the lattices of Galois closed faces of states, Galois closed order intervals of the positive order unit interval, decision effects, and the original quantum logic. The emphasis here is on the consequences of functional analytic assumptions. The paper concludes with a simple example where Ludwig’s axiom does not hold and we see parts of the theory dissolve. PACS: 02.30.Sa, 03.65.Ta.     

Optimizing separations in online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography

Online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography has become an attractive option for the analysis of complex nonvolatile samples found in various fields (e.g. environmental studies, food, life, and polymer sciences). Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography complements the highly popular hyphenated systems that combine liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Two‐dimensional liquid chromatography is also applied to the analysis of samples that are not compatible with mass spectrometry (e.g. high‐molecular‐weight polymers), providing important information on the distribution of the sample components along chemical dimensions (molecular weight, charge, lipophilicity, stereochemistry, etc.). Also, in comparison with conventional one‐dimensional liquid chromatography, two‐dimensional liquid chromatography provides a greater separation power (peak capacity). Because of the additional selectivity and higher peak capacity, the combination of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry allows for simpler mixtures of compounds to be introduced in the ion source at any given time, improving quantitative analysis by reducing matrix effects. In this review, we summarize the rationale and principles of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography experiments, describe advantages and disadvantages of combining different selectivities and discuss strategies to improve the quality of two‐dimensional liquid chromatography separations.     

基于工作过程的高职应用化工技术专业课程体系改革与实践

经过充分调研,提炼了化工企业生产工作岗位（群）的典型工作任务,根据典型工作任务所需要的主要职业能力,形成行动领域方案,结合学生的认知规律及职业成长规律,确定学习领域课程方案,构建了基于工作过程的高职应用化工技术专业课程体系。在教学实践中,采用"技能逐渐提升"的方式,以集团化办学推进校企合作,创新了人才培养模式。实践表明,学生的职业能力显著提高,在职业技能大赛中获得优异成绩,毕业生就业率高。     

考虑创新投入的OEM/ODM供应链结构选择研究

针对由原材料供应商、OEM品牌商和制造商组成的供应链系统,本文构建了委托(Agent)、控制(Consignment)和设计代工(ODM)三种代工结构,分析了OEM品牌商和制造商的最优代工策略。本文重点讨论企业创新投入的影响,且制造商不仅在上游与OEM品牌商合作,还在下游与OEM品牌商在市场上竞争。研究结果表明:针对不同的市场竞争程度和创新投入效率,OEM品牌商会策略性的调整代工模式,在控制和设计代工中进行选择;制造商同样也有其所倾向的代工模式,但只有在较极端的情况下,才会倾向于选择设计代工模式,这反映出制造商缺乏动力进行产品设计创新。并且,当创新投入效率适中时,双方会出现决策一致的情况,但随着市场竞争程度的增加,这个区间会逐渐减少。     

新一代多道X射线荧光分析仪的研制

介绍的新一代 2 0 4 8道X射线荧光 (XRF)分析仪是以Amptek公司研发的Si PIN电致冷半导体探测器为X射线探测器 ,以放射性同位素源为X射线荧光激发源 ;采用 16位高速ADC以及最新推出的EZ USB系列控制器来架构多道脉冲幅度分析器 ;主机采用超薄型简化配置的笔记本计算机 .在野外或室内无液氮冷却的条件下都能够实现对矿物等待测样品的测定 ,且一次可以对十余种元素进行定性、定量分析。其检出限能够达到 1～ 2× 10 -4,分析精度可达 2 %～ 8% .     

A weak difference set construction for higher dimensional designs

We continue the analysis of de Launey's modification of development of designs modulo a finite groupH by the action of an abelian extension function (AEF), and of the proper higher dimensional designs which result.We extend the characterization of allAEFs from the cyclic group case to the case whereH is an arbitrary finite abelian group.We prove that ourn-dimensional designs have the form (f(j ₁ j ₂ ...j _n )) (j _i J), whereJ is a subset of cardinality |H| of an extension groupE ofH. We say these designs have a weak difference set construction.We show that two well-known constructions for orthogonal designs fit this development scheme and hence exhibit families of such Hadamard matrices, weighing matrices and orthogonal designs of orderv for which |E|=2v. In particular, we construct proper higher dimensional Hadamard matrices for all orders 4t100, and conference matrices of orderq+1 whereq is an odd prime power. We conjecture that such Hadamard matrices exist for all ordersv0 mod 4.     

Production of a novel pyranose 2-0xidase by basidiomyceteTrametes multicolor

During a screening for the enzyme pyranose 2-oxidase (P2O) which has a great potential as a biocatalyst for carbohydrate transformations, Trametes multicolor was identified as a promising, not-yet-described producer of this particular enzyme activity. Furthermore, it was found in this screening that the enzyme frequently occurs in basidiomycetes. Intracellular P2O was produced in a growth-associated manner by T. multicolor during growth on various substrates, including mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides. Highest levels of this enzyme activity were formed when lactose or whey were used as substrates. Peptones from casein and other casein hydrolysates were found to be the most favorable nitrogen sources for the formation of P2O. By applying an appropriate feeding strategy for the substrate lactose, which ensured an elevated concentration of the carbon source during the entire cultivation, levels of P2O activity obtained in laboratory fermentations, as well as the productivity of these bioprocess experiments, could be enhanced more than 2.5-fold.     

含氮铸铁光谱分析标准物质的研制

介绍一套含氮铸铁光谱分析标准物质的研制过程。结果表明，采用独特铸造工艺研制的该套含氮铸铁光谱分析标准物质具有良好的均匀性、成线性和稳定性，由9家实验室协同定值，确定了C、Si、Mn、P、S、Cr、Ni、Cu、V、Ti、Mo、Mg、Al、La、Sn、Ce、N等17种元素的标准值及其不确定度，定值准确、可靠。     

Method development and validation: quantitation of telmisartan bulk drug and its tablet formulation by 1H NMR spectroscopy

The quantitative NMR (qNMR) spectroscopy is nowadays a new tool for the determination of pharmaceutical potent biologically active molecules in bulk drug and its tablet formulation than the other analytical techniques. Herein, qNMR method was developed for an anti‐hypertensive drug, telmisartan in bulk drug and its tablet formulation. The precise method was developed by using malononitrile as an internal standard. The methylene signal of telmisartan appeared at δ = 5.46 ppm (singlet) relative to the signal of malononitrile at δ = 3.59 ppm (singlet) in CDCl₃, as an NMR solvent. The development and validation of the method were carried out as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The method was found to be linear (r² = 0.9999) for 0.5 to 3.5 mg/ml in the drug concentration range. The relative standard deviation for accuracy and precession was not more than 2.0%. The sensitivity of the method was carried out by limit of detection and a limit of quantification, at 0.05 and 0.2 mg/ml, respectively, concentration. The robustness of the method was studied by changing parameters as well as different solvent manufacturer company. The result shows that method was accurately developed for quantification of telmisartan in pharmaceutical dosage form. The developed method by ¹H NMR spectroscopy is comparatively easy and more precise with respect to the other analytical tools. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Review of HPLC–MS methods for the analysis of nicotine and its active metabolite cotinine in various biological matrices

In recent years, tobacco smoking is a risk factor for a series of diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, and cancers. Nicotine, the primary component of tobacco smoke, is mainly transformed to its active metabolite cotinine, which is often used as a biomarker for tobacco exposure for its higher blood concentration and longer residence time than nicotine. Various analytical methods have been developed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in biological matrices. This article reviewed the HPLC–MS based methods for nicotine and/or cotinine analysis in various biological matrices. The sample preparation, mass and chromatographic conditions, and method validation results of these methods have been summarized and analyzed. The sample was mainly pretreated by protein precipitation and/or extraction. Separation was achieved using methanol and/or acetonitrile:water (with or without ammonium acetate) on C18 columns and acetonitrile:water (with formic acid, ammonium acetate/formate) on HILIC columns. Nicotine-d3, nicotine-d4, and cotinine-d3 were commonly used internal standards (ISs). Other non-deuterated ISs such as ritonavir, N-ethylnorcotinine, and milrinone were also used. For both nicotine and cotinine, the calibration range was 0.005–35,000 ng/mL, the matrix effect was 75.96–126.8%, and the recovery was 53–124.5%. The two analytes were stable at room temperature for 1–10 days, at −80°C for up to 6 months, and after three to six freeze–thaw cycles. Comedications did not affect nicotine and cotinine analyses.