岩体爆破近区临界损伤质点峰值震动速度的确定

质点峰值振动速度(PPV)是爆破开挖扰动的重要指标,研究确定岩体临界损伤PPV对爆破损伤控制具有重要意义。以溪洛渡水电站640 m高程马道下边坡岩体的爆破开挖为工程背景,依据岩体跨孔声波测试结果,采用基于LS-DYNA的二次开发技术对保留岩体的损伤演化过程进行了数值模拟,结合数值模拟结果研究了爆破近区PPV的分布特征及其与损伤程度的对应关系,结果表明PPV存在门槛值,当PPV大于该值时,岩体的损伤变量从零开始迅速增加至0.8左右,之后随着PPV的增大,损伤增长速度明显减慢,直至岩体完全损伤;分别基于岩体的损伤度、最大拉应力的PPV判据以及近区拉应力峰值与PPV的统计关系等3种方法确定岩体临界损伤PPV,从定量衡量损伤区范围看,常用的基于最大拉应力的PPV判据确定的临界损伤PPV偏小,而其余2种方法确定的临界损伤PPV相对精确。

     

双丝耦合强度对Z箍缩电磁辐射的影响

利用X射线二极管、光电倍增管和B-dot探针测量了峰值220 kA,0~100%上升时间100 ns的脉冲电流驱动平行双丝产生的电磁辐射。实验结果表明,不同波段的电磁辐射具有不同的辐射机制,热辐射是产生X射线的主要机制,可见光辐射来自热辐射和特征线辐射,微波辐射由非热电磁辐射机制产生。调节丝间距可改变双丝的耦合强度,当丝间距大于临界值时双丝解耦合,电磁辐射不依赖于丝间距;当丝间隙减小至低于临界值时,双丝耦合增强。增大双丝耦合强度不利于热辐射(X射线和可见光),而有利于非热电磁辐射(微波)。对于单丝电流约100 kA、上升时间100 ns的驱动条件,双丝解耦合的临界间距约为10 mm,双丝耦合强度对Z箍缩在不同频段的电磁辐射有影响。丝阵由多根金属丝组成,其最小的相互作用单元可分解为双丝相互作用。     

硬夹心矩形夹层板的整体稳定性分析

论文在Reissner型理论给出的位移模式基础上,修正其软夹心假设,考虑夹心层面内刚度,给出了硬夹心夹层板的几何方程、物理方程,建立了硬夹心夹层板结构在面内纵向载荷作用下的平衡微分方程,并对方程进行了简化,通过理论计算得到了四边简支条件下硬夹心矩形夹层板整体失稳临界载荷的解析解,并分别计算了夹心层材料的弹性模量E、厚度h、泊松比μc对硬夹心夹层板临界载荷的影响,结果证明,对于硬夹心夹层结构,夹心层面内刚度对硬夹心夹层板整体失稳临界载荷的影响较大,考虑其面内刚度是必要的.     

实用化超导材料研究进展与展望

超导技术是21世纪具有重大经济和战略意义的高新技术,在国民经济诸多领域具有广阔的应用前景,如在超导弱电应用中的超导量子干涉器、滤波器;在超导强电应用中的电缆、限流器、电机、储能系统、变压器、磁体技术、医疗核磁共振成像、高能物理实验和高速交通输运等。实用化超导材料是超导技术发展的基础。目前,国际上发现的实用化超导材料主要有低温超导线材、铋系高温超导带材、YBCO涂层导体、MgB₂线带材以及新型铁基超导线带材。文章在简要介绍超导材料发展历程的基础上,重点综述了上述实用化超导材料制备及加工、性能和应用方面的最新研究进展,并对相关领域存在的问题及今后的发展作出展望。     

旋转悬臂Rayleigh轴的Galerkin近似解1)

主要研究旋转悬臂Rayleigh轴的涡动频率和临界转速。基于Rayleigh 梁模型建立旋转悬臂Rayleigh轴的运动方程,通过Galerkin法将运动方程离散化,Galerkin 过程分别选择不旋转Euler--Bernoulli 轴的振型函数和旋转Rayleigh 轴的振型函数为试探函数,对不同方法得到的数值结果进行收敛性验证和对比分析,并且将其与涡动频率和临界转速的经典解 进行比较。结果表明,采用不旋转振型函数简单快捷,能够极大地方便计算过程,因此,将其用于近似求解旋转悬臂轴的动力学特性具有明显的优越性。     

伪辛空间的生成及其表现形式

通过对辛空间的深入分析和研究,从空间中的度量与向量的迷向性问题入手并展开较为详细的讨论,定义"伪辛"的概念,阐述"辛"概念的演变、扩充与伪辛空间生成的事实,进而揭示伪辛空间的本质属性及其与辛空间的内在联系与区别.论述过程同时给出了伪辛空间关于辛空间的内蕴和外延表示式.     

实验室质量体系运行的关键控制点分析

通过对十几年来实验室计量认证的经验总结,对县级实验室质量体系运行情况进行了分析。指出了质量体系运行的关键控制点、存在的问题、解决问题的方法。经分析认为,基层实验室的生存和发展必然趋势是提高自身的检测能力。     

A Testable Theory for the Emergence of the Classical World

The transition from the quantum to the classical world is not yet understood. Here, we take a new approach. Central to this is the understanding that measurement and actualization cannot occur except on some specific basis. However, we have no established theory for the emergence of a specific basis. Our framework entails the following: (i) Sets of N entangled quantum variables can mutually actualize one another. (ii) Such actualization must occur in only one of the 2^N possible bases. (iii) Mutual actualization progressively breaks symmetry among the 2^N bases. (iv) An emerging “amplitude” for any basis can be amplified by further measurements in that basis, and it can decay between measurements. (v) The emergence of any basis is driven by mutual measurements among the N variables and decoherence with the environment. Quantum Zeno interactions among the N variables mediates the mutual measurements. (vi) As the number of variables, N, increases, the number of Quantum Zeno mediated measurements among the N variables increases. We note that decoherence alone does not yield a specific basis. (vii) Quantum ordered, quantum critical, and quantum chaotic peptides that decohere at nanosecond versus femtosecond time scales can be used as test objects. (viii) By varying the number of amino acids, N, and the use of quantum ordered, critical, or chaotic peptides, the ratio of decoherence to Quantum Zeno effects can be tuned. This enables new means to probe the emergence of one among a set of initially entangled bases via weak measurements after preparing the system in a mixed basis condition. (ix) Use of the three stable isotopes of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen and the five stable isotopes of sulfur allows any ten atoms in the test protein to be discriminably labeled and the basis of emergence for those labeled atoms can be detected by weak measurements. We present an initial mathematical framework for this theory, and we propose experiments.     

Upper Critical Solution Temperature-Type Responsive Cyclodextrins with Characteristic Inclusion Abilities

Water-soluble and thermoresponsive macrocycles with stable inclusion toward guests are highly valuable to construct stimuli-responsive supramolecular materials for versatile applications. Here, we develop such macrocycles – ureido-substituted cyclodextrins (CDs) which exhibit unprecedented upper critical solution temperature (UCST) behavior in aqueous media. These novel CD derivatives showed good solubility in water at elevated temperature, but collapsed from water to form large coacervates upon cooling to low temperature. Their cloud points are greatly dependent on concentration and can be mediated through oxidation and chelation with silver ions. Significantly, the amphiphilicity of these CD derivatives is supportive to host-guest binding, which affords them inclusion abilities to guest dyes. The inclusion complexation remained nearly intact during thermally induced phase transitions, which is in contrast to the switchable inclusion behavior of lower critical solution temperature (LCST)-type CDs. Moreover, ureido-substituted CDs were exploited to co-encapsulate a pair of guest dyes whose fluorescence resonance energy transfer process can be switched by the UCST phase transition. We therefore believe these novel thermoresponsive CDs may form a new strategy for developing smart macrocycles and allow for exploring smart supramolecular materials.     

Re-entrant Photoinduced Morphological Transformation and Temperature-Dependent Kinetic Products of a Rectangular Amphiphilic Diarylethene Assembly

An amphiphilic rectangular-shaped photochromic diarylethene bearing two hydrophobic alkyl chains and two hydrophilic tri(ethylene glycol) chains was synthesized, and its photoinduced morphological transformation in water was investigated. Two unexpected phenomena were revealed in the course of the experiments: a re-entrant photoinduced macroscopic morphological transformation and temperature-dependent kinetic products of supramolecular assembly. When the pure closed-ring isomer was dispersed in water, a re-entrant photoinduced morphological transformation, that is, a photoinduced transition from the hydrated phase to the dehydrated phase and then back to the hydrated phase, was observed by optical microscopy upon irradiation with green light at 20 °C; this was interpreted by the V-shaped phase diagram of the LCST transition. The aqueous assembly of the pure closed-ring isomer was controlled by changing the temperature; specifically, rapid cooling to 15 and 5 °C gave J and H aggregates, respectively, as the kinetic products. The thermodynamic product at both temperatures was a mixture of mostly H aggregate with a small amount of J aggregate. This behavior was rationalized by the temperature-dependent potential energy surface of the supramolecular assembly.