Diet–consumer nitrogen isotope fractionation for prolonged fasting arthropods

Nitrogen acquisition for cellular metabolism during diapause is a primary concern for herbivorous arthropods. Analyses of naturally occurring stable isotopes of nitrogen help elucidate the mechanism. Relevant articles have cited (58 times up to mid-June 2011) anomalously elevated δ¹⁵N (per mil deviation of ¹⁵N/¹⁴N, relative to atmospheric nitrogen=0 ‰) values (diet–consumer nitrogen isotope fractionation; up to 12 ‰) for a prolonged fasting raspberry beetle (Byturus tomentosus Degeer (Coleoptera: Byturidae)), which feeds on red raspberries (Rubus idaeus: δ¹⁵N=～+2 ‰). Biologists have hypothesised that extensive recycling of amino acid nitrogen is responsible for the prolonged fasting. Since this hypothesis was proposed in 1995, scientists have integrated biochemical and molecular knowledge to support the mechanism of prolonged diapausing of animals. To test the validity of the recycling hypothesis, we analysed tissue nitrogen isotope ratios for four Japanese arthropods: the shield bug Parastrachia japonensis Scott (Hemiptera: Cydnidae), the burrower bug Canthophorus niveimarginatus Scott (Hemiptera: Cydnidae), leaf beetle Gastrophysa atrocyanea Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and the Japanese oak silkworm Antheraea yamamai (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae), all of which fast for more than 6 months as part of their life-history strategy. Resulting diet–consumer nitrogen isotope discrimination during fasting ranged from 0 to 7‰, as in many commonly known terrestrial arthropods. We conclude that prolonged fasting of arthropods does not always result in anomalous diet–consumer nitrogen isotope fractionation, since the recycling process is closed or nearly closed with respect to nitrogen isotopes.     

Walrasian General Equilibrium and Nonlinear Dynamics

Investigations of the structural stability of the general equilibrium model show that within a nonlinear framework, the differential equation governing price adjustment requires two conditions: (a) The number of agents must be greater than or equal to the number of commodities; and (b) severe restrictions on the nature of preferences must be placed. These restrictions are the same as the restrictions on preferences that are required by Chipman and Moore (1980) in order to obtain an exact and an invariant measure of consumer surplus, which is the measure and standard of value in neoclassical economics. When the Chipman-Moore conditions are examined, it is clear that the required restrictions on preferences can also be understood as requiring the constancy of the marginal utility of money, either with respect to all prices (homothetic preferences), or with respect to income and all prices except the numeraire commodity (parallel preferences). The constancy of the marginal utility between the rich and the poor implies an unintended interpersonal comparison of utility. This makes the theory of value rather special, and has implications for much applied work such as benefit-cost analysis or other social decision-making, which requires a general theory of value. It is the utilitarian formulation of welfare, which by definition means that only utility information is taken into account, that leads to the restrictive theory of value. Consequently, avoiding utilitarianism requires an approach to social choice theory that takes other information about well-being into account in social decision-making.     

电商生态系统四方演化博弈研究

受启发于近些年频繁曝出的消费者权益保护问题,为探析消费者行为对电商生态系统中其他群体策略选择的影响,本文基于演化博弈理论,考虑消费者的投诉行为,构建由政府、电商平台、商家以及消费者组成的四方演化博弈模型;讨论各方主体的策略选择,分析策略组合稳定点,并应用MATLAB工具进行仿真模拟实验。经上述研究,本文得出结论：消费者的投诉行为有利于促进政府严格监管、电商平台严格管理、商家诚信经营。由此,建议政府和电商平台充分发挥监督管理作用,以更好地保障消费者的合法权益,并遏制消费者的恶意投诉行为,从而实现电商生态系统的稳定可持续发展。     

老年消费需求规模预测及影响因素分析

探索老年人消费需求规模及其影响因素对发展老龄产业有重要作用.根据灰色预测模型GM(1,1)对2015-2030年预测老年消费需求规模和利用灰色关联度分析模型对各个确定的影响因素的关联度进行测算,并得出相应的结论:老年消费需求规模从2015年的16640.33亿元,增加到2030年的152837.1亿元;在老年消费需求各影响因素中,国民总收入对其影响最密切,消费价格、老年人口规模次之,社会保障水平相对较弱;家庭其他成员的供养决定老年人个人消费支出.     

消费者转基因食品人体健康风险认知模糊多属性综合评判

研究了消费者转基因食品人体健康风险认知模糊多属性评判模型.首先建立评价指标体系,其次根据问卷调查数据按频率分布转化成隶属度得到模糊关系矩阵,利用AHP和熵权法得到权向量,利用加权评价算子得到评判结果,最后对结果进行了讨论并提出相应的政策建议.     

Raman Spectroscopy for the Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory: Quantification of Ethanol Concentration in Consumer Alcoholic Beverages and Qualitative Identification of Marine Diesels Using a Miniature Raman Spectrometer

Raman spectroscopy has steadily gained popularity as a powerful tool in both the analytical lab and the undergraduate classroom. The technique is attractive because it allows for rapid, nondestructive qualitative or quantitative analyses of many analytes with little or no sample preparation requirements. The introduction of less expensive, smaller, and more powerful diode laser excitation sources and the recent availability of rugged, red‐sensitive, charge‐coupled device–based miniature modular spectrometers has prompted the integration of Raman spectroscopy into the undergraduate curriculum. We have evaluated the analytical utility of a small, portable Raman instrument for the qualitative and quantitative analyses of two “real” samples. The experiments in this paper were designed to be used as a laboratory component for undergraduate education and include the quantification of ethanol in consumer alcoholic beverages and the qualitative identification of marine diesel fuels that had been spilled on surface waters. In the case of the liquor samples, the ethanol concentration in colorless, odorless alcoholic beverages could be determined very rapidly, but colored and heavily scented liquors proved more difficult and required pretreatment with activated carbon to remove fluorescence that masked the Raman signal. Similarly, a high‐intensity fluorescence background was observed to mask characteristic Raman bands of the diesel fuels. Some reduction in the intensity of the fluorescence was observed after carbon pretreatment of the fuels. The set of undergraduate experiments described in this paper treat the concepts of quantitative and qualitative analysis using portable instrumentation, instrumental calibration by the standard addition and external curve methods, and method development for the analysis of real consumer and environmental samples.     

基于SARIMA模型的居民消费价格指数预测分析

本文基于SARIMA模型对我国1990—2010年的居民消费价格指数月度数据进行预测分析。利用Eviews6.0对统计数据的变化趋势及季节性进行验证,结果表明该模型合理、有效,预测值与实际值的估计误差控制的很好。     

基于消费者行为的食品溯源信息监管策略研究

溯源信息真实性直接影响食品可溯源体系建设和消费者对食品安全信心。本文基于消费者行为理论,构建溯源信息掺假与不掺假以及掺假比例大小、政府监管力度强弱情形时企业最优定价决策模型。结果表明,无论消费者购买可溯源产品的溯源信息量高低,企业均选择溯源信息掺假,此时政府两种策略:一是加强监管力度和惩罚力度,迫使企业不敢溯源信息掺假;二是提升产品低溯源信息程度,缩小高低溯源信息程度差异,促使企业无可掺假信息空间。通过高低溯源信息程度对企业最优决策影响研究,低监管情形下企业最优决策受到高低溯源信息程度影响较为显著,高监管情形下企业最优决策受其影响较小。     

模糊环境下消费类电子产品推荐方法研究

基于消费类电子产品自身的特点,提出一种新型的推荐方法。首先,考虑专家对备选产品进行评分时存在信息共享性,提出处理专家之间相互关联的直觉梯形模糊Shapley加权几何算子,并研究该算子的相关性质。其次,针对专家权重信息部分已知情况,建立规划模型求解专家的Shapley权重值,并运用所提算子对专家意见进行集成以得到各标准下各备选产品的综合评分。在给定顾客目标需求的基础上,基于投影法求出各备选产品在目标产品上的投影值,并将投影值最大的产品推荐给顾客以完成推荐过程。最后,以戴尔中国官网上的笔记本电脑购买为例,阐述该推荐方法的可行性和实用性。