全文获取类型
收费全文 | 2441篇 |
免费 | 138篇 |
国内免费 | 186篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 465篇 |
晶体学 | 1篇 |
力学 | 117篇 |
综合类 | 40篇 |
数学 | 1768篇 |
物理学 | 374篇 |
出版年
2024年 | 5篇 |
2023年 | 23篇 |
2022年 | 42篇 |
2021年 | 44篇 |
2020年 | 43篇 |
2019年 | 51篇 |
2018年 | 54篇 |
2017年 | 53篇 |
2016年 | 57篇 |
2015年 | 39篇 |
2014年 | 69篇 |
2013年 | 173篇 |
2012年 | 133篇 |
2011年 | 110篇 |
2010年 | 84篇 |
2009年 | 130篇 |
2008年 | 153篇 |
2007年 | 144篇 |
2006年 | 132篇 |
2005年 | 111篇 |
2004年 | 101篇 |
2003年 | 95篇 |
2002年 | 116篇 |
2001年 | 78篇 |
2000年 | 89篇 |
1999年 | 78篇 |
1998年 | 76篇 |
1997年 | 66篇 |
1996年 | 54篇 |
1995年 | 31篇 |
1994年 | 37篇 |
1993年 | 38篇 |
1992年 | 35篇 |
1991年 | 29篇 |
1990年 | 21篇 |
1989年 | 12篇 |
1988年 | 21篇 |
1987年 | 21篇 |
1986年 | 12篇 |
1985年 | 14篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1983年 | 4篇 |
1982年 | 12篇 |
1981年 | 12篇 |
1980年 | 13篇 |
1979年 | 7篇 |
1978年 | 14篇 |
1977年 | 5篇 |
1976年 | 5篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有2765条查询结果,搜索用时 93 毫秒
21.
针对一般的非线性规划问题,利用某些Lagrange型函数给出了一类Lagrangian对偶问题的一般模型,并证明它与原问题之间存在零对偶间隙.针对具体的一类增广La- grangian对偶问题以及几类由非线性卷积函数构成的Lagrangian对偶问题,详细讨论了零对偶间隙的存在性.进一步,讨论了在最优路径存在的前提下,最优路径的收敛性质. 相似文献
22.
In this paper, the notion of gap functions is extended from scalar case to vector one. Then, gap functions and generalized
functions for several kinds of vector equilibrium problems are shown. As an application, the dual problem of a class of optimization
problems with a system of vector equilibrium constraints (in short, OP) is established, the concavity of the dual function,
the weak duality of (OP) and the saddle point sufficient condition are derived by using generalized gap functions.
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10671135) and the Applied Research Project of
Sichuan Province (05JY029-009-1). 相似文献
23.
In this paper, we examine a class of convex problems of Bolza type, involving a time delay in the state. It encompasses a variety of time-delay problems arising in the calculus of variations and optimal control. A duality analysis is carried out which, among other things, leads to a characterization of minimizers in terms of the Euler-Lagrange inclusion. The results obtained improve in significant respects on what is achievable by techniques previously employed, based on elimination of the time delay by introduction of an infinite-dimensional state space or on the method of steps. 相似文献
24.
E. Hernández L. Rodríguez-Marín 《Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications》2007,134(1):119-134
In this paper, we study optimization problems where the objective function and the binding constraints are set-valued maps
and the solutions are defined by means of set-relations among all the images sets (Kuroiwa, D. in Takahashi, W., Tanaka, T.
(eds.) Nonlinear analysis and convex analysis, pp. 221–228, 1999). We introduce a new dual problem, establish some duality theorems and obtain a Lagrangian multiplier rule of nonlinear type
under convexity assumptions. A necessary condition and a sufficient condition for the existence of saddle points are given.
The authors thank the two referees for valuable comments and suggestions on early versions of the paper. The research of the
first author was partially supported by Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (Spain) Project MTM2006-02629 and by Junta de Castilla
y León (Spain) Project VA027B06. 相似文献
25.
Using a generalization of the classical ballot theorem, Niu and Cooper [7] established a duality relation between the joint
distribution of several variables associated with the busy cycle inM/G/1 (with a modified first service) and the corresponding joint distribution of several related variables in its dualGI/M/1. In this note, we generalize this duality relation toGI/G/1 queues with modified first services; this clarifies the original result, and shows that the generalized ballot theorem
is superfluous for the duality relation. 相似文献
26.
非对称三态叠加多模泛函叠加态光场的高次压缩——广义电场分量的不等幂次和压缩效应研究 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
多模真空态|{0j}〉q与两个空间强度分布特征不同的多模复共轭泛函相干态|{f(j a)*(x,y,z)}〉q和|{f(j b)*(x,y,z)}〉q的线性叠加组成的三态叠加多模泛函叠加态光场|ψ(f3)〉q,利用多模压缩态理论,研究了态|ψ(f3)〉q中广义电场分量的不等幂次高次和(H)压缩特性.结果表明:在一定的条件下,态|ψ(f3)〉q的广义电场分量可呈现出周期性变化的任意奇数次和任意偶数次的不等幂次高次H压缩效应;光场的经典振幅和经典初始相位的任意非对称空间分布特征对其压缩程度和压缩深度等压缩特性将产生直接的影响. 相似文献
27.
In this paper, it is shown that some of the results of torus actions on Poincaré duality spaces, Borel’s dimension formula
and topological splitting principle to local weights, hold if ‘torus’ is replaced by ‘pro-torus’. 相似文献
28.
Michel Leblond 《Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications》2002,9(2):181-193
In computer graphics, in the radiosity context, a linear system Φx=b must be solved and there exists a diagonal positive matrix H such that H Φ is symmetric. In this article, we extend this property to complex matrices: we are interested in matrices which lead to Hermitian matrices under premultiplication by a Hermitian positive‐definite matrix H. We shall prove that these matrices are self‐adjoint with respect to a particular innerproduct defined on ?n. As a result, like Hermitian matrices, they have real eigenvalues and they are diagonalizable. We shall also show how to extend the Courant–Fisher theorem to this class of matrices. Finally, we shall give a new preconditioning matrix which really improves the convergence speed of the conjugate gradient method used for solving the radiosity problem. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
29.
多目标分数变分问题的对偶性 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
本文利用参数逼近在函数广义(F,ρ)-凸的条件下,建立了一类多目标式变分问题关于有效解的对偶理论。 相似文献
30.
We consider in this paper the Lagrangian dual method for solving general integer programming. New properties of Lagrangian
duality are derived by a means of perturbation analysis. In particular, a necessary and sufficient condition for a primal
optimal solution to be generated by the Lagrangian relaxation is obtained. The solution properties of Lagrangian relaxation
problem are studied systematically. To overcome the difficulties caused by duality gap between the primal problem and the
dual problem, we introduce an equivalent reformulation for the primal problem via applying a pth power to the constraints. We prove that this reformulation possesses an asymptotic strong duality property. Primal feasibility
and primal optimality of the Lagrangian relaxation problems can be achieved in this reformulation when the parameter p is larger than a threshold value, thus ensuring the existence of an optimal primal-dual pair. We further show that duality
gap for this partial pth power reformulation is a strictly decreasing function of p in the case of a single constraint.
Dedicated to Professor Alex Rubinov on the occasion of his 65th birthday. Research supported by the Research Grants Council
of Hong Kong under Grant CUHK 4214/01E, and the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 79970107 and 10571116. 相似文献