Langevin dynamic simulation of hysteresis in a field-swept Landau potential

Numerical simulations are done of Langevin dynamics for a uniform-orderparameter, field-swept Landau model,= –|a/2|m ²+|b/4|m ⁴–mh(t) , to study hysteresis effects. The field is swept at a constant rateh(t)=h(0)+ht. The stochastic jump values of the field {h_J from an initially prepared metastable minimumm(0) are recorded, on passage to a global minimum m(). The results are: (a) The mean jump¯h _J(h) increases (hysteresis loop widens) with h, confirming a previous theoretical criterion based on rate competition between field-sweep and inverse mean first-passage time (FPT); (b) The broad jump distribution(h _J,h) is related to intrinsically large FPT fluctuations ( ²–²)/ ² O(1), and can be quantitatively understood. Possible experimental tests of the ideas are indicated.     

Theoretical approach and the practice to the evaluation of structural parameters characterizing concentration polarization alongside ion-exchange membranes by means of dielectric measurement

As the application of a dielectric theory proposed previously (J Membrane Sci 64:153–161 (1991)), theoretical formulation and the practical procedure of dielectric analysis are developed to calculate the structural parameters such as the conductivity gradient and the thickness of the concentration polarization layer, the capacitances and the conductances of the two adjoining aqueous phases from the observed dielectric parameters. The procedure of calculation consequent upon the theoretical formulation was applied to double relaxation data observed for cation-exchange membrane systems under application of d.c. bias voltage. As a consequence, the structural parameters of concentration polarization were readily obtained with accuracy.     

巯基葡聚糖凝胶分离富集光度法测定镉的研究

研究了在ＴｒｉｔｏｎＸ－１００存在下，新显色剂邻羧基苯基重氮氨基偶氮苯（ＣＤＡＡ）与镉的显色体系，在ｐＨ１０．６的Ｎａ２Ｂ４Ｏ７－ＮａＯＨ体系中，显色反应灵敏度很高。络合物的最大吸收位于５４５ｎｍ处，其摩尔吸光系数为２．２２×１０＾５Ｌ·ｍｏｌ＾－１·ｃｍ＾－１。镉含量在０￣１２μｇ／２５ｍＬ符合比耳定律。将该体系用于巯基葡聚糖凝胶分离富集－光度法测水样中微量镉，结果令人满意。     

Monte carlo calculations of the conformal charge

The conformal charge is an important quantity which characterizes the nature of the two-dimensional phase transition. We report a first attempt to use a new numerical method to calculate the conformal charge. In this paper, we apply our method to the 2-dimensional, ⁴, continuous-spin Ising model. By varying the parameters in the Hamiltonian, one can change continuously from the known Gaussian limit to the Ising limit. It is well known that the critical points for these two systems are not in the same universality class. We study this behavior for the Gaussian model, the single-well ⁴ model, the border model, and the double-well ⁴ model for a large lattice. Our results, while giving a good general picture, are not so far sufficient to differentiate whether the non-Gaussian cases studied belong to the Ising model universality class or not. Further studies of other lattice sizes should serve to improve greatly our conclusions.     

Relations between site percolation thresholds

By decomposing certain lattices into two sublattices, and examining at percolation threshold the structure of their infinite clusters, an approximate relation between p _c ⁰ , of the original lattice and p _c ¹ , of the sublattice is established: p _c ⁰ (p _c ¹ )^1/2. It is conjectured that an inequality always holds: p _c ⁰ (p _c ¹ )^1/2, and heuristic arguments are given to substantiate it. By similar considerations good estimates forp _c of certain correlated percolation problems are also obtained.     

Active transport of Na + and K + through animal cell membranes

The transport of Na⁺ out of the cell and K⁺ into the cell against a concentration gradient is catalyzed by a (Na⁺ + K⁺)-activated ATPase. The way in which the cations pass through the cell membrane has not yet been elucidated. Studies on the ATP hydrolysis revealed a Na⁺-dependent phosphorylation of the enzyme protein; the conformation of the enzyme also appears to change. The energy required for transport of the cations against their concentration gradients is probably provided by K⁺-dependent hydrolysis of the enzyme-bound phosphate. The enzyme can synthesize ATP from inorganic phosphate and ADP on reversal of the cation concentration gradient. By keeping the enzyme in a particular conformation, the cardiac glycoside ouabain specifically inhibits the Na⁺ pump.     

Salpianthus macrodontus Extracts,a Novel Source of Phenolic Compounds with Antibacterial Activity against Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria Isolated from White Shrimp

This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity in vitro of Salpianthus macrodontus and Azadirachta indica extracts against potentially pathogenic bacteria for Pacific white shrimp. Furthermore, the extracts with higher inhibitory activity were analyzed to identify compounds responsible for bacterial inhibition and evaluate their effect on motility and biofilm formation. S. macrodontus and A. indica extracts were prepared using methanol, acetone, and hexane by ultrasound. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extracts was determined against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, V. harveyi, Photobacterium damselae and P. leiognathi. The polyphenol profile of those extracts showing the highest bacterial inhibition were determined. Besides, the bacterial swimming and swarming motility and biofilm formation were determined. The highest inhibitory activity against the four pathogens was found with the acetonic extract of S. macrodontus leaf (MIC of 50 mg/mL for Vibrio spp. and 25 mg/mL for Photobacterium spp.) and the methanol extract of S. macrodontus flower (MIC of 50 mg/mL for all pathogens tested). Both extracts affected the swarming and swimming motility and the biofilm formation of the tested bacteria. The main phenolic compounds related to Vibrio bacteria inhibition were naringin, vanillic acid, and rosmarinic acid, whilst hesperidin, kaempferol pentosyl-rutinoside, and rhamnetin were related to Photobacterium bacteria inhibition.     

约束最小二乘估计的优良性

对于线性模型y=Xθ ε,ε服从椭球等高单峰分布,未知参数θ满足不等式约束a′θ≥0,证明了在参数估计优良性的集中概率准则下,θ的约束最小二乘估计θ~*优于最小二乘估计θ.     

血液可见吸收光谱与血氧参数神经网络估算法

总血红蛋白浓度和血氧饱和度是两个基本的血氧参数。文章提出了利用内置双光纤微创探头在位测量大鼠脑组织血氧参数的新方法。首先,利用悬乳液(Intralipid)和全血配置不同总血红蛋白浓度的混合溶液,模拟生物组织模型,用光纤光谱仪测试系统测量组织模型在加氧和去氧时的实时吸收光谱,同时用血氧分析仪(OXI meter)对血氧参数定标,建立测试光谱和定标数据样本集。然后,利用人工神经网络建立血液吸收光谱与血氧参数的神经网络模型,训练后的网络模型能根据吸收光谱输出生物组织的血氧参数值,总血红蛋白浓度和血氧饱和度的平均输出误差分别为±4μmol·L-1和±5%。最后,利用神经网络模型对大鼠脑组织血氧参数进行了在位测试实验,测得脑灰质的血氧饱和度为0.60~0.70,脑白质血氧饱和度为0.45~0.55;总血红蛋白浓度在脑皮层(深度1mm)附近最高,平均110μmol·L-1,其余深度脑组织的总血红蛋白浓度为70~90μmol·L-1。这种方法对脑外科微创手术中实时在位测试脑组织血氧参数具有重要的参考意义。     

油菜叶片和冠层水平氮素含量的高光谱反射率估算模型

通过设计实验首先确定是否可以用油菜叶片反射率光谱预测其氮素含量,以及是否可以用预测的光谱特征值与氮素含量建立相关模型。实验结果表明,反射率光谱的转化形式R的一阶微分为预测油菜氮素含量的最佳形式,最佳波段选择与其他研究结果相似。短波红外光谱波段能较好预测氮素含量,但是选择的高相关性短波红外区域一般都较窄,因此可用高光谱和高辐射分辨率来准确描述油菜光谱特征。短波红外反射率的变化主要是由于植被化学信号的改变而引起的。直接太阳辐射率、观测设备、叶片振动以及大气湿度的细微变化都可能引起光谱一阶微分的变化。冠层反射率一阶微分R′建立的逐步回归模型拟合度较高。