全文获取类型
收费全文 | 3277篇 |
免费 | 191篇 |
国内免费 | 349篇 |
专业分类
化学 | 403篇 |
晶体学 | 3篇 |
力学 | 123篇 |
综合类 | 76篇 |
数学 | 2811篇 |
物理学 | 401篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 36篇 |
2022年 | 45篇 |
2021年 | 64篇 |
2020年 | 66篇 |
2019年 | 74篇 |
2018年 | 67篇 |
2017年 | 102篇 |
2016年 | 104篇 |
2015年 | 75篇 |
2014年 | 136篇 |
2013年 | 311篇 |
2012年 | 130篇 |
2011年 | 152篇 |
2010年 | 140篇 |
2009年 | 167篇 |
2008年 | 223篇 |
2007年 | 217篇 |
2006年 | 202篇 |
2005年 | 186篇 |
2004年 | 155篇 |
2003年 | 167篇 |
2002年 | 150篇 |
2001年 | 121篇 |
2000年 | 93篇 |
1999年 | 108篇 |
1998年 | 79篇 |
1997年 | 91篇 |
1996年 | 70篇 |
1995年 | 44篇 |
1994年 | 38篇 |
1993年 | 18篇 |
1992年 | 19篇 |
1991年 | 11篇 |
1990年 | 18篇 |
1989年 | 17篇 |
1988年 | 11篇 |
1987年 | 9篇 |
1986年 | 6篇 |
1985年 | 16篇 |
1984年 | 17篇 |
1983年 | 5篇 |
1982年 | 5篇 |
1980年 | 8篇 |
1979年 | 8篇 |
1978年 | 7篇 |
1977年 | 6篇 |
1976年 | 6篇 |
1975年 | 3篇 |
1974年 | 3篇 |
1973年 | 3篇 |
排序方式: 共有3817条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
The effect of the addition of n-butanol (BuOH) and n-hexanol (HexOH) on the micellization of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) has been investigated using fluorescence quenching methods.
The binding constants were calculated using an expression which relates the total concentration of alcohols and the micelle
concentration. The values of K were 4.67 and 17.6 M-1 for BuOH/SDS and HexOH/SDS, similar to values obtained by other methods. The cmc of SDS decreases on addition of alcohols
and goes through a minimum for the BuOH/SDS system. Micellar aggregation numbers (N) were determined from linear plots of Ln (I
0/I) against [Quencher] at low alcohol concentrations. For 15 mM SDS, in the presence of BuOH the N values decrease on addition of alcohol up to 0.2 M. For HexOH, N can be assumed to be constant up to 4.8 mM, after which N decreases. The polarity of the micellar core containing alcohol was evaluated from the I
1/I
3 ratio of monomeric pyrene. The effect of addition of the alcohol causes a decrease in the I
1/I
3, which corresponds to a decrease in the polarity of the pyrene solubilization site.
Received: 28 October 1996 Accepted: 10 January 1997 相似文献
62.
Antonio Fernández-Ramos Benjamin A. Ellingson Rubén Meana-Pañeda Jorge M. C. Marques Donald G. Truhlar 《Theoretical chemistry accounts》2007,118(4):813-826
This article shows how to evaluate rotational symmetry numbers for different molecular configurations and how to apply them
to transition state theory. In general, the symmetry number is given by the ratio of the reactant and transition state rotational
symmetry numbers. However, special care is advised in the evaluation of symmetry numbers in the following situations: (i)
if the reaction is symmetric, (ii) if reactants and/or transition states are chiral, (iii) if the reaction has multiple conformers
for reactants and/or transition states and, (iv) if there is an internal rotation of part of the molecular system. All these
four situations are treated systematically and analyzed in detail in the present article. We also include a large number of
examples to clarify some complicated situations, and in the last section we discuss an example involving an achiral diasteroisomer. 相似文献
63.
Dip Singh Gill 《Journal of solution chemistry》1979,8(10):691-699
Precise conductances for tetrabutylammonium tetrabutylboride (Bu4NBBu4) at 25°C have been measured in a number of nonaqueous solvents, and the data have been analyzed by the 1957 Fuoss-Onsager conductance equation. Limiting ion conductances for the Bu4N+ ion at infinite dilution 0(Bu
4
N
+) in various solvents have been evaluated by dividing 0 values of the salt into two equal parts. The 0(Bu
4
N
+) values so obtained are in fairly good agreement (within±0.1–3.5%) with the corresponding values determined from direct transference number measurements in these solvents. 相似文献
64.
Empirical solvent parameters of silica surfaces are determined by means of solvatochromic dyes, e.g., Cu(tmen) (acac)+ ClO
4
–
/B(C6H5)
4
–
, Fe(phen)2(CN)2, and Michlers Ketone dissolved in 1,2-dichloroethane or cyclohexane. The values obtained by UV/VIS-measurements are compared with both the polarity scales of Kamlet and Taft and with Gutmann's donor and acceptor numbers. Kamlet and Taft's -parameter (the hydrogen-bond donation capacity of a solvent) is determined independently by means of salicylideneaniline. The * of silica is determined using 5-N,N-dimethylamino-5-nitro-2,2-bithiophene and the complex of tetracyanoethylene with Michlers Ketone, respectively. Further on the reliabilities of the obtained Kamlet-Taft parameters , , and * are checked by comparism with experimental and calculated values of theE
T(30)-parameter of silica by means of multi-parameter regression analysis. The surface properties of silica are influenced mainly by HBD-properties (75%) and dipolarity/polarizability * (20%), but hardly by the HBA-properties (<5%). UV/VIS-measurements were carried out in a special equipment with glass fiber optics, A drawing of the apparatus is given. 相似文献
65.
Shuang Zhang 《K-Theory》1992,6(1):1-27
We first determine the homotopy classes of nontrivial projections in a purely infinite simpleC*-algebraA, in the associated multiplier algebraM(A) and the corona algebraM
A/A in terms ofK
*(A). Then we describe the generalized Fredholm indices as the group of homotopy classes of non-trivial projections ofA; consequently, we determine theK
*-groups of all hereditaryC*-subalgebras of certain corona algebras. Secondly, we consider a group structure of *-isomorphism classes of hereditaryC*-subalgebras of purely infinite simpleC*-algebras. In addition, we prove that ifA is aC*-algebra of real rank zero, then each unitary ofA, in caseA it unital, each unitary ofM(A) and ofM(A)/A, in caseA is nonunital but -unital, can be factored into a product of a unitary homotopic to the identity and a unitary matrix whose entries are all partial isometries (with respect to a decomposition of the identity).Partially supported by a grant from the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
66.
M. Yu. Gorshkov A. D. Neuimin N. M. Bogdanovich Yu. V. Danilov L. A. Dunyushkina 《Russian Journal of Electrochemistry》2007,43(6):721-728
Oxygen-ion conduction in apatite-like compounds based on silicates and germanates of lanthanum La x A6O12 + 1.5x (A = Si, Ge; x = 9.11–10.22) is studied. The compounds are shown to be purely ionic conductors at 600–900°C and partial oxygen pressures 10?16 to 105 Pa. The electroconductivity of the best conducting specimens of La x A6O12 + 1.5x (A = Si, Ge; x = 9.77–10) exceeds that of electrolyte YSZ at moderate temperatures. The electroconductivity of lanthanum germanate is substantially greater than that of lanthanum silicate, specifically, 7.85 × 10?2 and 2.35 × 10?2 S cm?1, respectively, at 800°C. An inflection is discovered at ~750°C in the temperature dependences of electroconductivity of La x Ge6O12 + 1.5x (x = 9.77–10.22). A dilatometric examination points to a second-kind phase transition that may be due to the oxygen sublattice disordering. The behavior of apatite-like electrolytes La x A6O12 + 1.5x (A = Si, Ge) during long exploitation periods in the interval of working temperatures of electrochemical devices is studied for the first time ever. The electrolytes’ aging at 800°C in air for 1000 h was investigated by the electroconductivity method. The electroconductivity of lanthanum germanates decayed with time by 5% and that of lanthanum silicates, by 9.5%. The steady-state values of electroconductivity of all compounds studied is reached after 600–700 h. The compounds studied form a class of materials that hold some promise as solid electrolytes for medium-temperature fuel cells and other electrochemical devices. 相似文献
67.
实物期权的定价在风险投资决策过程中具有重要意义.传统的实物期权定价方法忽略标的资产价值和投资成本的模糊性,从而可能导致错误的投资决策.本文主要研究了具有模糊标的的资产价值和投资成本情形时的实物期权定价模型.文中将这些模糊因素分别视为模糊数和模糊变量,然后运用模糊集合论,结合B-S期权定价理论,对实物期权进行定价,得到了基于模糊集合论的实物期权定价模型. 相似文献
68.
在近红外反射类激光薄膜中,节瘤缺陷是引起薄膜激光损伤的主要因素。为了提高激光薄膜的损伤阈值,对节瘤缺陷及其损伤特性进行研究具有重要意义。从真实节瘤缺陷和人工节瘤缺陷两个方面介绍节瘤缺陷的研究进展。基于真实节瘤缺陷的研究,建立了节瘤缺陷的结构特征,形成了节瘤缺陷损伤特性和损伤机制的初步认识,利用时域有限差分法(FDTD)模拟了电场增强,初步解释了节瘤缺陷的损伤机制,发明了抑制节瘤缺陷种子源的方法和激光预处理技术,减少了节瘤缺陷,提高了薄膜损伤阈值。但是真实节瘤缺陷的性质,如种子源尺寸、吸收性以及位置深度等,都难以控制和预测,难以开展节瘤缺陷损伤特性的系统和量化研究,致使关于节瘤缺陷损伤的科学认识尚有不足。基于人工节瘤缺陷的研究,可以实现节瘤缺陷损伤特性的系统、量化甚至单一因素研究,极大地提高了实验研究的效率和可靠性,获得了一系列定量损伤规律。人工节瘤缺陷的高度受控性使实验研究与理论模拟的可靠对比成为可能,人工节瘤缺陷的损伤形貌和FDTD电场模拟的直接比较实验不仅验证了时域有限差分法(FDTD)模拟电场的正确性,也进一步明确了电场增强是诱导节瘤缺陷损伤的主要机制。对节瘤缺陷的损伤机制有了更为深刻的认识后,人们开始调控节瘤缺陷的电场增强效应提高节瘤缺陷的损伤阈值,发展了宽角度反射薄膜技术和节瘤缺陷平坦化技术,抑制电场增强,提高损伤阈值。这扩展了控制节瘤缺陷的思路和方法,从原来单一的去除节瘤缺陷到调控节瘤缺陷,为进一步提高薄膜的损伤阈值开辟了新的方向和途径。 相似文献
69.
该文运用高分辨质谱技术对实时直接分析(Direct analysis in real time,DART)离子化条件下碳硼烷化合物的质谱行为进行了研究,对碳硼烷化合物DART高分辨质谱中所得到的同位素峰簇进行了表征与归属.研究结果表明,选取的碳硼烷化合物在DART负离子条件下均能得到较好的质谱信号,这可能与硼笼结构的"... 相似文献
70.